Impact of climate change on Helicoverpa armigera voltinism in different Agro-Climatic Zones of India.

The Gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is a cosmopolitan agricultural insect pest that prefers to feed on plant's protein biomolecules. Out of different density-independent factors, surface air temperature majorly affects the incidence and damage of the H. armigera on the crops.

Annotation of gut bacterial taxonomic and functional diversity in Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua.

The insect gut has been the house of many taxonomically and physiologically diverse groups of microbial colonizers as symbionts and commensals, which are evolving to support the physiological requirement of insects. Lepidoptera is one of the important family of class hexapoda, comprising agriculture insect pest Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua. Information on gut microbiota and their functional role in these insects was meager to elucidate the wide-ranging survivalist mechanisms.