Regulation of Mannitol Metabolism in Enterococcus faecalis and Association with Toxin-Antitoxin Locus Function.

The type I toxin-antitoxin locus is situated between genes for two paralogous mannitol family phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase systems (PTSs). In order to address the possibility that function was associated with sugar metabolism, genetic and phenotypic analyses were performed on the flanking genes. It was found that the genes were transcribed as two operons: the downstream operon essential for mannitol transport and metabolism and the upstream operon performing a regulatory function.

Genetic diversity and prevalence of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in the Midwest of US swine herds during 2016-2018.

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), a highly divergent pestivirus, has a wide geographical distribution around the world. APPV is known to cause type A-II congenital tremors in newborn piglets. The main objective of this study is to access APPV prevalence in the US swine herds utilizing a newly developed quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay.

Detection and Whole-Genome Characterization of a G8P[1] Group A Rotavirus Strain from Deer.

Rotavirus A strain 14-02218-2, with genome constellation G8P[1]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3, was isolated from newborn fawns. The 14-02218-2 rotavirus strain is related to bovine and bovine-like rotavirus strains. To our knowledge, this is the first report on whole-genome-based characterization of a deer rotavirus G8P[1] strain.

An inactivated vaccine made from a U.S. field isolate of porcine epidemic disease virus is immunogenic in pigs as demonstrated by a dose-titration.

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a highly pathogenic and transmissible virus in swine, was first detected in the U.S. in May, 2013, and has caused tremendous losses to the swine industry.

Genome sequence of torovirus identified from a pig with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from the United States.

Porcine torovirus (PToV) strain PToV-NPL/2013 was identified from a pig that tested positive for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). The spike protein-encoding gene from PToV-NPL/2013 had 92% identity with PToV-SH1, suggesting that PToV circulating in the United States is slightly different from the isolates circulating in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of PToV in the United States.

Inactivation of the Rgg2 transcriptional regulator ablates the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes.

Streptococcus pyogenes adapts to different niches encountered in the human host via the activity of numerous regulatory proteins including the Rgg family of transcriptional regulators. The S. pyogenes chromosome encodes four Rgg paralogues designated Rgg1 (RopB), Rgg2 (MutR), Rgg3, and Rgg4 (ComR).

Genome Sequence of the Novel Reassortant Mammalian Orthoreovirus Strain MRV00304/13, Isolated from a Calf with Diarrhea from the United States.

Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) strain MRV00304/13 was isolated from diarrheic calves. The serotype-specific antigen σ1 was found to be 95% identical to that of bovine MRV1. All predicted viral proteins had >92% identity to those of MRV except µ2 and σ1s (80 and 72% identities, respectively), suggesting that MRV00304/13 is a novel reassortant MRV1.

Characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus from a bovine with clinical disease with high nucleotide sequence identity to white-tailed deer isolates.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) was isolated from a pregnant cow in Indiana, USA, exhibiting excessive salivation, pyrexia and abortion. VP2, VP5, and VP7 sequences of the isolated bovine EHDV showed 97.7, 97.

First identification and characterization of porcine enterovirus G in the United States.

Porcine enterovirus G (EV-G) is a member of the family Picornavirdae, genus Enterovirus. To date, eleven EV-G types (EV-G1 through EV-G11) have been identified in pigs from Asia and Europe however they have never been reported in North America. In this study, we isolated and characterized the complete genome of NP/2013/USA, an EV-G from a porcine diarrhea sample from the United States.

Whole genome analysis of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus identified limited genome constellations and preferential reassortment.

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a Culicoides transmitted orbivirus that causes haemorrhagic disease in wild and domestic ruminants. A collection of 44 EHDV isolated from 2008 to 2012 was fully sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. Serotype 2 viruses were the dominant serotype all years except 2012 when serotype 6 viruses represented 63 % of the isolates.

Mobuck virus genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis: identification of a novel Orbivirus isolated from a white-tailed deer in Missouri, USA.

The genus Orbivirus includes a diverse group of segmented dsRNA viruses that are transmitted via arthropods, have a global distribution and affect a wide range of hosts. A novel orbivirus was co-isolated with epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) from a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) exhibiting clinical signs characteristic of EHDV. Using antiserum generated against EHDV, a pure isolate of the novel non-cytopathic orbivirus was obtained in Aedes albopictus cell culture.

Transcriptional regulation of a bacteriophage encoded extracellular DNase (Spd-3) by Rgg in Streptococcus pyogenes.

The Streptococcus pyogenes transcriptional regulator Rgg controls the expression of virulence-associated genes encoded both within the core genome and within horizontally transmissible DNA such as temperate bacteriophage. Previously, we showed that Rgg binds to the non-coding DNA upstream of the bacteriophage gene encoding an extracellular DNase Spd-3. In the current study, we further characterized Rgg-mediated regulation of spd-3 expression.

Growth phase-dependent modulation of Rgg binding specificity in Streptococcus pyogenes.

Streptococcus pyogenes Rgg is a transcriptional regulator that interacts with the cofactor LacD.1 to control growth phase-dependent expression of genes, including speB, which encodes a secreted cysteine protease. LacD.

Identification of Rgg binding sites in the Streptococcus pyogenes chromosome.

Streptococcus pyogenes Rgg is a regulatory protein that controls the transcription of 588 genes in strain NZ131 during the post-exponential phase of growth, including the virulence-associated genes encoding the extracellular SpeB protease, pullulanase A (PulA), and two extracellular nucleases (SdaB and Spd-3). Rgg binds to DNA proximally to the speB promoter (PspeB) to activate transcription; however, it is not known if Rgg binds to the promoters of other genes to influence expression, or if the perturbation of other global regulons accounts for the genome-wide changes in expression associated with the mutant. To address this issue, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by DNA microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) was used to identify the DNA binding sites of Rgg.

A naturally occurring Rgg variant in serotype M3 Streptococcus pyogenes does not activate speB expression due to altered specificity of DNA binding.

The transcriptional regulator Rgg of Streptococcus pyogenes is essential for expression of the secreted cysteine protease SpeB. Although all isolates of S. pyogenes possess the speB gene, not all of them produce the protein in vitro.