Synergistic defense: Quercetin and chondroitin sulfate combat bacterial trigger of rheumatoid arthritis, Proteus mirabilis through in-vitro and in-vivo mechanisms.

Rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation, is thought to be exacerbated by bacterial infections, notably Proteus mirabilis. This study explores the combined effects of quercetin, a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, and chondroitin sulfate, known for its cartilage-protective properties, as a potential therapeutic approach. Molecular docking analyses revealed favourable interactions between these compounds and key pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, suggesting their potential to disrupt inflammation-related signaling pathways.