Etiology of Acute Diarrheal Disease and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Children Younger Than 5 Years Old in Nepal.

Diarrhea is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among children younger than 5 years in developing countries. Children from 3 to 60 months of age were recruited from two hospitals in Nepal- Bharatpur Hospital, Bharatpur, and Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu-in 2006 to 2009. Stool specimens collected from 1,200 children with acute diarrhea (cases) and 1,200 children without diarrhea (control subjects) were examined for a broad range of enteropathogens by standard microbiology, including microscopy, enzyme immunoassay for viral pathogens (adenovirus, astrovirus, and rotavirus) and protozoa (Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba histolytica), as well as by using reverse transcription real-time polymerase for norovirus.

Design of a Bacteriophage Cocktail Active against Species and Testing of Its Therapeutic Potential in .

Shigellosis is a leading global cause of diarrheal disease and travelers' diarrhea now being complicated by the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, necessitating the development of alternative antibacterials such as therapeutic bacteriophages (phages). Phages with lytic activity against strains were isolated from sewage. The genomes of 32 phages were sequenced, and based on genomic comparisons belong to seven taxonomic genera: , , , , , and .

Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant ESKAPEE pathogens from clinical samples in Chonburi, Thailand (2017-2018).

Background: ESKAPEE pathogens Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli are multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria that present increasing treatment challenges for healthcare institutions and public health worldwide.

Methods: 431 MDR ESKAPEE pathogens were collected from Queen Sirikit Naval Hospital, Chonburi, Thailand between 2017 and 2018.

Enteric etiological surveillance in acute diarrhea stool of United States Military Personnel on deployment in Thailand, 2013-2017.

Background: Diarrhea remains a major public health problem for both civilian and military populations. This study describes the prevalence of acute diarrheal illness etiological agents, their antibiotic resistance distribution patterns, the resulting impact upon military force health protection, and potential prevention and treatment strategies.

Results: Forty-eight acute diarrhea stool samples from US military personnel deployed to Thailand from 2013-2017 were screened for enteric pathogens using ELISA, the TaqMan Array Card (TAC), and conventional microbiological methods.

Epidemiology and etiology of Traveler's diarrhea in Bangkok, Thailand, a case-control study.

Background: Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is a common health problem among visitors from developed to developing countries. Although global and regional estimates of pathogen distribution are available, the etiology of diarrhea among non-military travelers to Thailand is largely unknown.

Methods: A prospective TD case-control study was conducted among adult travelers from developed countries at a prominent hospital in Bangkok, Thailand during 2001-2003.

Antibiotic resistance, molecular characterizations, and clinical manifestations of Campylobacteriosis at a military medical center in Hawaii from 2012-2016: a retrospective analysis.

Hawaii has one of the highest incidences of Campylobacteriosis in the United States, but there remains little published data on circulating strains or antimicrobial resistance. We characterized 110 clinical Campylobacter isolates (106 C. jejuni, 4 C.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase prevalence and virulence factor characterization of enterotoxigenic responsible for acute diarrhea in Nepal from 2001 to 2016.

Background: Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial species are an increasingly dangerous public health threat, and are now endemic in many areas of South Asia. However, there are a lack of comprehensive data from many countries in this region determining historic and current MDR prevalence. Enterotoxigenic (ETEC) is a leading cause of both acute infant diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea in Nepal.

Genomic Characterization of Nonclonal mcr-1-Positive Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from Clinical Samples in Thailand.

Multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are one of the most prevalent causes of nosocomial infections and pose an increasingly dangerous public health threat. The lack of remaining treatment options has resulted in the utilization of older drug classes, including colistin. As a drug of last resort, the discovery of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance by mcr-1 denotes the potential development of pandrug-resistant bacterial pathogens.

Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter and other diarrheal pathogens isolated from US military personnel deployed to Thailand in 2002-2004: a case-control study.

Background: Campylobacter continues to be an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide and a leading cause in Southeast Asia. Studies of US soldiers and marines deployed to Thailand for a 2 to 3 week field exercise provide a unique population in which to study traveler's diarrhea.

Methods: A case-control study of 217 deployed military personnel was conducted from 2002 through 2004.

Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Nonfermentative Bacteria, the Philippines, 2013-2016.

During 2013-2016, we isolated bla- and bla-harboring Enterobacteriaceae and nonfermentative bacteria from patients in the Philippines. Of 130 carbapenem-resistant isolates tested, 45 were Carba NP-positive; 43 harbored bla, and 2 harbored bla. Multidrug-resistant microbial pathogen surveillance and antimicrobial drug stewardship are needed to prevent further spread of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase variants.

Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Salmonella Typhi Isolated in Thailand before and after the Introduction of a National Immunization Program.

Vaccines against Salmonella Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever, are commonly used by travellers, however, there are few examples of national immunization programs in endemic areas. There is therefore a paucity of data on the impact of typhoid immunization programs on localised populations of S. Typhi.

Immune responses to Campylobacter (C. jejuni or C. coli) infections: a two-year study of US forces deployed to Thailand.

Campylobacter spp. is a leading cause of diarrheal disease among US troops deployed to Thailand for exercise. We investigated the importance of immunological analysis and immune responses against Campylobacter infection in US troops deployed to Thailand.

Evaluation of an intragastric challenge model for Shigella dysenteriae 1 in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for the pre-clinical assessment of Shigella vaccine formulations.

Shigellosis is a worldwide disease, characterized by abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, and the passage of blood- and mucus-streaked stools. Rhesus monkeys and other primates are the only animals that are naturally susceptible to shigellosis. A suitable animal model is required for the pre-clinical evaluation of vaccines candidates.

Bacterial pathogens isolated from raw meat and poultry compared with pathogens isolated from children in the same area of rural Thailand.

To better understand the epidemiology of bacterial food borne pathogens in children, in relation to pathogens in meats from a market in rural Thailand, we collected 73 cultures samples from raw chicken, pork and fish at a local market where diarrheal disease surveillance was conducted. Standard methods were employed to isolate, identify and serotype enteric pathogens from children and food samples. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio, salmonella, and Aeromonas isolates from various uncooked seafoods in Thailand.

Uncooked seafood samples were collected from open markets and supermarkets in Bangkok, Thailand, and were examined for the presence of Vibrio, Salmonella, and Aeromonas species from January to February 2008. From 120 samples, 272 bacterial isolates were identified through biochemical testing. Of all sea bass, shrimp, oyster, and blood cockle samples (30 of each) that were processed for culture, 114 (95%) samples had at least one detectable isolate of Vibrio, Salmonella, or Aeromonas, leaving only 6 (5%) samples free of them.

Etiology of diarrhea in young children and patterns of antibiotic resistance in Cambodia.

Background: Little is known about diarrhea etiology and antibiotic resistance in developing countries where diarrhea is a major public health problem.

Methods: To describe diarrhea etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns in Cambodia, 600 children aged 3 months to 5 years with acute diarrhea (cases) and 578 children without diarrhea (controls) were enrolled from a hospital in Phnom Penh. Stool samples were collected, and pathogens and antibiotic resistance patterns were described.

Emergence and properties of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains isolated from Nepal in 2002 and 2003.

A total of 171 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains isolated from Nepal, mostly from patients with typhoid fever in 2002-2003, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by disk diffusion assay. Selected S. enterica serovar Typhi isolates were tested for MICs by E-test for ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin.

Antibacterial activity of Thai medicinal plants Pikutbenjakul.

Background: Bacterial infections caused by resistant strains have been increased dramatically. Pikutbenjakul, a Thai medicinal plant formula containing Piper longum, Piper sarmentosum, Piper interruptum, Plumbago indica and Zingiber officinale have been widely used in Thai traditional medicine.

Objective: To determine antimicrobial activity of Pikutbenjakul formula and its components in order to develop the medicinal plants for alternative treatment of bacteria causing diarrhea.

Case-control study of diarrheal disease etiology in a remote rural area in Western Thailand.

The objective was to assess the association of enteric pathogens in diarrheal disease in a remote rural area in Thailand. Stool specimens were collected from 236 children aged 3 months to 5 years with acute diarrhea (cases) and from 236 asymptomatic controls. Standard microbiologic methods, and enzyme immunoassay for viral pathogens, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium, were used to identify enteric pathogens with susceptibility testing by disk diffusion.

Enteric pathogen sampling of tourist restaurants in Bangkok, Thailand.

Background: Travelers' diarrhea (TD) is the most prevalent disorder affecting travelers to developing countries. Thailand is considered "moderately risky" for TD acquisition, but the risk by city visited or behavior of the visitor has yet to be definitely defined. Restaurant eating is consistently associated with the acquisition of diarrhea while traveling, and pathogen-free meals serve as a marker of public health success.

First multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Arcobacter spp.

Background: Arcobacter spp. are a common contaminant of food and water, and some species, primarily A. butzleri and A.

Prevalence of foodborne microorganisms in retail foods in Thailand.

Worldwide, foodborne illness is often associated with consumption of meats and poultry products sold at retail markets. A cross-sectional retail food study was conducted in Bangkok, Thailand to assess the prevalence of bacterial pathogens on retail food samples. Raw chicken, beef, pork, and chicken eggs were purchased from fresh markets and supermarkets and tested for Salmonella spp.

The dominance of pandemic serovars of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in expatriates and sporadic cases of diarrhoea in Thailand, and a new emergent serovar (O3 : K46) with pandemic traits.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. A total of 95 V. parahaemolyticus isolates belonging to 23 different serovars were identified in a case-control study of expatriates and Thai adults from 2001 to 2002 in Thailand.

Rotavirus disease in young children from Hanoi, Vietnam.

Background: Pathogen prevalences and antimicrobial susceptibilities are essential for the rational development of preventive strategies for diarrheal diseases, but little recent information from Vietnam is available. We prospectively studied the prevalence of enteric pathogens in children less than 5 years of age with acute diarrhea and in nondiarrhea controls in a city hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam for 1 year.

Methods: Enteric bacteria and viruses were detected by standard culture methods, and enzyme immunoassay in 291 cases and 291 controls.

Intestinal parasitic infections among pre-school children in Sangkhlaburi, Thailand.

This study was conducted to investigate the presence of intestinal parasites among pre-school children (aged 3 months to 5 years) in Sangkhlaburi, a rural district in the west of Thailand along the Thai-Myanmar border. Stool specimens were collected from October 2001 through October 2002. A total of 472 pre-school children, 233 males and 239 females, 236 children with diarrhea and 236 asymptomatic children were recruited for the study.