Characterization of Bean Common Mosaic Virus Isolates Infecting Three Leguminous Bean Crops from South and Southeast Asia.

Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) is causing economically important diseases in leguminous crops worldwide. In this study, BCMV isolates from country bean (CB; ), yard-long bean (YLB; ), and rajma bean (RB; ) collected from Bangladesh, Nepal, and Cambodia were characterized. Samples that tested positive for BCMV in serological assays were subjected to high-throughput sequencing to generate near-full-length genome sequences.

Characterization of a New, Country Bean () Lineage of Bean Common Mosaic Necrosis Virus.

Country bean (, family Fabaceae) is grown in subsistence agriculture in Bangladesh as a multipurpose crop for food, animal feed, and green manure. This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic diversity of bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV, genus , family ) in country beans. Leaf samples from country beans showing yellowing, vein banding, and mosaic symptoms were collected during field surveys between 2015 and 2019 cropping seasons from farmers' fields in different geographic regions.

First reports of Beet curly top virus, Citrus yellow vein-associated virus, and Hop latent viroid in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in Washington State.

In 2021 and 2022, virus-like symptoms were observed in several cultivars of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) in two fields in central Washington, USA. Affected plants had a range of symptoms at different developmental stages, with young plants having severe stunting with shortened internodes and reduced flower mass. Young leaves of infected plants also showed light green to total yellowing, and twirling with twisting margins (Fig.

First report of Tobacco ringspot virus in highbush blueberry in Washington State.

Since 2015, several blueberry plants () of cvs. Draper and Top Shelf in an organic farm in eastern Washington State showed reduced growth with deformed leaves displaying chlorotic spots, rings, and red blotches and producing small and poorly ripened berries. The symptomatic plants showed gradual decline within 2 to 3 years post-planting.

First Report of grapevine red globe virus in grapevines in Washington State.

Grapevine red globe virus (GRGV; genus Maculavirus, family Tymoviridae) has been reported in grapevines (Vitis spp.) from Italy, Greece, France, China, Spain and Germany and in California, U.S.

First report of grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus in grapevines from Washington State.

Since the first report of grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV; genus Marafivirus, family Tymoviridae) in a Greek grapevine causing chlorotic discoloration of leaf veins (El Beaino et al., 2001), GRVFV was reported in some European countries, and in Australia, China, Korea, New Zealand, Uruguay, and Canada (Blouin et al., 2017; Cho et al.

Intra-species recombination among strains of the ampelovirus Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4.

Background: Grapevine leafroll disease is one of the most economically important viral diseases affecting grape production worldwide. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 4 (GLRaV-4, genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae) is one of the six GLRaV species documented in grapevines (Vitis spp.).

Development of infectious cDNA clones of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 and analyses of the 5' non-translated region for replication and virion formation.

Infectious cDNA clones were developed for Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3, genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae). In vitro RNA transcripts generated from cDNA clones showed replication via the production of 3'-coterminal subgenomic (sg) mRNAs in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts. The detection of sgRNAs and the recovery of progeny recombinant virions from N.

Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) as a virus-induced gene silencing vector in maize seedlings.

Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) was the first reported and still widely used virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for monocotyledons including wheat and barley. Despite BSMV's reported infectivity on maize (Zea mays), the use of the virus as a vector in maize has not been optimized. Here, we assayed infectivity of BSMV in different maize cultivars by vascular puncture inoculation.

An Analysis of the Complete Genome Sequence and Subgenomic RNAs Reveals Unique Features of the Ampelovirus, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1.

Despite being the first closterovirus documented in grapevines (Vitis sp.), the molecular biology of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1, genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae) is still in its infancy. In this study, the complete genome sequence of two GLRaV-1 isolates was determined to be 18,731 (isolate WA-CH) and 18,946 (isolate WA-PN) nucleotides (nt).

Identification of a maize chlorotic dwarf virus silencing suppressor protein.

Maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV), a member of the genus Waikavirus, family Secoviridae, has a 11784 nt (+)ssRNA genome that encodes a 389kDa proteolytically processed polyprotein. We show that the N-terminal 78kDa polyprotein (R78) of MCDV acts as a suppressor of RNA silencing in a well-established assay system. We further demonstrate that R78 is cleaved by the viral 3C-like protease into 51 and 27kDa proteins (p51 and p27), and that p51 is responsible for silencing suppressor activity.

Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus infectious clone and manipulation for gene-carrying capacity.

A full-length infectious cDNA clone of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV; genus Furovirus; family Virgaviridae) was developed for agrobacterium delivery. The cloned virus can be agroinfiltrated to Nicotiana benthamiana for subsequent infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum, L.).

3'-coterminal subgenomic RNAs and putative cis-acting elements of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 reveals 'unique' features of gene expression strategy in the genus Ampelovirus.

Background: The family Closteroviridae comprises genera with monopartite genomes, Closterovirus and Ampelovirus, and with bipartite and tripartite genomes, Crinivirus. By contrast to closteroviruses in the genera Closterovirus and Crinivirus, much less is known about the molecular biology of viruses in the genus Ampelovirus, although they cause serious diseases in agriculturally important perennial crops like grapevines, pineapple, cherries and plums.

Results: The gene expression and cis-acting elements of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3; genus Ampelovirus) was examined and compared to that of other members of the family Closteroviridae.

Genetic variability of natural populations of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 in Pacific Northwest vineyards.

Genetic variability of field populations of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GLRaV-2) in Pacific Northwest (PNW) vineyards was characterized by sequencing the entire coat protein (CP) and a portion of the heat-shock protein-70 homolog (HSP70h) genes. Phylogenetic analysis of CP and HSP70h nucleotide sequences obtained in this study and corresponding sequences from GenBank revealed segregation of GLRaV-2 isolates into six lineages with virus isolates from PNW distributed in 'PN', 'H4', and 'RG' lineages. An estimation of the ratio of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site to synonymous substitutions per synonymous site indicated that different selection pressures may be acting on the two genomic regions encoding proteins with distinct functions.

Transformation of an edible crop with the pagA gene of Bacillus anthracis.

Vaccination against anthrax is the most important strategy to combat the disease. This study describes a generation of edible transgenic crop expressing, functional protective antigen (PA). In vitro studies showed that the plant-expressed antigen is qualitatively similar to recombinant PA.