Microscopic Small Airway Abnormalities Identified in Early Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Using Endobronchial Optical Coherence Tomography.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) affects the subpleural lung but is considered to spare small airways. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) studies demonstrated small airway reduction in end-stage IPF explanted lungs, raising questions about small airway involvement in early-stage disease. Endobronchial optical coherence tomography (EB-OCT) is a volumetric imaging modality that detects microscopic features from subpleural to proximal airways.

E-Cigarette Use, Small Airway Fibrosis, and Constrictive Bronchiolitis.

Background: Vaping, including the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), has become increasingly prevalent, yet the associated long-term health risks are largely unknown. Given the prevalence of use, particularly among adolescents early in their lifespan, it is vital to understand the potential chronic pathologic sequelae of vaping.

Methods: We present the cases of four patients with chronic lung disease associated with e-cigarette use characterized by clinical evaluation, with pulmonary function tests (PFTs), chest high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), endobronchial optical coherence tomography (EB-OCT) imaging, and histopathologic assessment.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Endobronchial Optical Coherence Tomography for the Microscopic Diagnosis of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia.

Early, accurate diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) informs prognosis and therapy, especially in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Current diagnostic methods are imperfect. High-resolution computed tomography has limited resolution, and surgical lung biopsy (SLB) carries risks of morbidity and mortality.

Practical application and validation of the 2018 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT and Fleischner Society guidelines for the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Accurate diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is essential to inform prognosis and treatment. In 2018, the ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT and Fleischner Society released new diagnostic guidelines for usual interstitial pneumonitis (UIP)/IPF, adding Probable UIP as a CT category based on prior studies demonstrating this category had relatively high positive predictive value (PPV) for histopathologic UIP/Probable UIP. This study applies the 2018 ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT and Fleischner Society guidelines to determine test characteristics of CT categories in academic clinical practice.

Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost)-based multiwavelength spatial frequency domain imaging and characterization for ex vivo human colorectal tissue assessment.

The current gold standard diagnostic test for colorectal cancer remains histological inspections of endoluminal neoplasia in biopsy specimens. However, biopsy site selection requires visual inspection of the bowel, typically with a white-light endoscope. Therefore, this technique is poorly suited to detect small or innocuous-appearing lesions.

Histogram analysis of en face scattering coefficient map predicts malignancy in human ovarian tissue.

Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease at the molecular and histologic level. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is able to map ovarian tissue optical properties and heterogeneity, which has been proposed as a feature to aid in diagnosis of ovarian cancer. In this manuscript, depth-resolved en face scattering maps of malignant ovaries, benign ovaries, and benign fallopian tubes obtained from 20 patients are provided to visualize the heterogeneity of ovarian tissues.

Classification of human ovarian cancer using functional, spectral, and imaging features obtained from in vivo photoacoustic imaging.

We report in this pilot study the diagnostic results of in vivo imaging of patients with ovarian lesions, using a co-registered photoacoustic and ultrasound (PAT/US) system. A total of 39 ovaries from 24 patients were imaged in vivo. PAT functional features, i.

The Angular Spectrum of the Scattering Coefficient Map Reveals Subsurface Colorectal Cancer.

Colorectal cancer diagnosis currently relies on histological detection of endoluminal neoplasia in biopsy specimens. However, clinical visual endoscopy provides no quantitative subsurface cancer information. In this ex vivo study of nine fresh human colon specimens, we report the first use of quantified subsurface scattering coefficient maps acquired by swept-source optical coherence tomography to reveal subsurface abnormities.

Optimized light delivery probe using ball lenses for co-registered photoacoustic and ultrasound endo-cavity subsurface imaging.

An optimized hand-held photoacoustic and ultrasound probe suitable for endo-cavity tumor subsurface imaging was designed and evaluated. Compared to previous designs, the prototype probe, consisting of four 1 mm multi-mode optical fibers attached with 1.5 mm diameter ball-shaped fiber tips sandwiched between a transvaginal ultrasound transducer and a custom-made sheath, demonstrated a higher light output and better beam homogeneity on tissue subsurface.

Low-cost compact multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging prototype for tissue characterization.

We present a low-cost, compact, and multispectral spatial frequency domain imaging prototype. Illumination components, including 9 LEDs (660 nm - 950 nm) placed on a custom-designed printed circuit board, linear and rotational motors, a printed sinusoidal pattern, and collimation and projection optics as well as the detection components are incorporated in a compact custom-designed 3D-printed probe. Reconstruction of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients is evaluated via imaging tissue mimicking phantoms and potentials of the probe for biological tissue imaging are evaluated via imaging human ovarian tissue .

Feasibility of co-registered ultrasound and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic imaging of human colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Significant limitations in screening and surveillance modalities continue to hamper early detection of primary cancers or recurrences after therapy. In this study, we describe a new registered ultrasound (US) and acoustic-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM) system and report its initial testing in human colorectal tissue.

Evaluation of Ovarian Cancer: Initial Application of Coregistered Photoacoustic Tomography and US.

Purpose To assess transvaginal coregistered photoacoustic tomography (PAT) and pulse-echo US for diagnosis of ovarian cancer based on functional parameters provided by PAT. Materials and Methods Between February 2017 and December 2017, 26 ovarian masses from 16 participants were successfully imaged in vivo by multispectral photoacoustic imaging, including nine invasive epithelial ovarian cancers (six serous carcinomas and three endometroid adenocarcinomas), three other tumors (two borderline serous tumors and one sex cord-stromal tumor), and 14 benign and normal (hereafter referred to as benign/normal) ovaries. The relative total hemoglobin concentration (rHbT) and mean oxygen saturation (sO) shown at PAT were used to characterize the ovaries identified at US.

Quantitative multispectral optical evaluation of human ovarian tissue using spatial frequency domain imaging.

About 85-90% of all ovarian cancers are carcinomas; these manifest clinically as mass-forming epithelial proliferations involving the ovary. In this study, a visible light spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) system was used for multispectral imaging and quantitative evaluation of freshly excised benign and malignant human ovarian tissues. A total of 14 ovaries from 11 patients undergoing oophorectomy were investigated.

Classification and analysis of human ovarian tissue using full field optical coherence tomography.

In this study, a full field optical coherence tomography (FFOCT) system was used to analyze and classify normal and malignant human ovarian tissue. 14 ovarian tissue samples (7 normal, 7 malignant) were imaged with the FFOCT system and five features were extracted by analyzing the normalized image histogram from 56 FFOCT images, based on the differences in the morphology of the normal and malignant tissue samples. A generalized linear model (GLM) classifier was trained using 36 images, and sensitivity of 95.

Characterizing optical properties and spatial heterogeneity of human ovarian tissue using spatial frequency domain imaging.

A spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI) system was developed for characterizing ex vivo human ovarian tissue using wide-field absorption and scattering properties and their spatial heterogeneities. Based on the observed differences between absorption and scattering images of different ovarian tissue groups, six parameters were quantitatively extracted. These are the mean absorption and scattering, spatial heterogeneities of both absorption and scattering maps measured by a standard deviation, and a fitting error of a Gaussian model fitted to normalized mean Radon transform of the absorption and scattering maps.

Correlating optical coherence elastography based strain measurements with collagen content of the human ovarian tissue.

In this manuscript, the initial feasibility of a catheter based phase stabilized swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system was studied for characterization of the strain inside different human ovarian tissue groups. The ovarian tissue samples were periodically compressed with 500 Hz square wave signal along the axial direction between the surface of an unfocused transducer and a glass cover slide. The displacement and corresponding strain were calculated during loading from different locations for each tissue sample.

A low-cost photoacoustic microscopy system with a laser diode excitation.

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is capable of mapping microvasculature networks in biological tissue and has demonstrated great potential for biomedical applications. However, the clinical application of the PAM system is limited due to the use of bulky and expensive pulsed laser sources. In this paper, a low-cost optical-resolution PAM system with a pulsed laser diode excitation has been introduced.