Phytochemicals and Nanoparticles in the Modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Kinases and its Implications in the Development and Progression of Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence.

Background: Gastrointestinal cancer are the major form of cancer in developing countries, which comprises gastric cancer (GC), hepatic cancer (HCC), colorectal cancers (CRC), etc.; they account for a large number of cancer-related deaths globally. Gastrointestinal cancers generally have a multifactorial origin, where both genetic and dietary factors play prominent roles.