Outer Retinopathies Associated with COVID-19 Infection: Case Reports and Review of Literature.

Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease with profound health implications. It can affect any part of the body with variable severity. Various ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease have been documented.

Real-World Experience in the Use of Immunosuppression for the Management of Inflammatory Eye Disease.

Purpose: Patients with sight-threatening inflammatory eye disease (IED) are maintained on systemic immunosuppression whilst in long-term clinical remission. There are no clear guidelines on the duration of remission before implementing treatment withdrawal. We present a real-world analysis on the use of immunosuppression in IED in long-term remission and consider strategies for withdrawal.

Ocular Metastasis as First Presentation of Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma.

Introduction: We report a rare case of an aggressive large-cell neuroendocrine lung tumour, which presented with ocular metastasis.

Case Presentation: A 70-year-old lady presented with a 4-week history of left eye pain and photophobia. Ocular examination revealed left-sided episcleritis and she was treated with topical lubricants and steroids.

Proposing a Neurotropic Etiology for Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy and Relentless Placoid Chorioretinitis.

Purpose: To reassess the underlying pathophysiology of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE) and relentless placoid chorioretinitis (RPC) through comparison with the non-inoculated eye of the von Szily animal model of neurotropic viral retinal infection.

Methods: Narrative review.

Results: Literature reports of isolated neurotropic viral entities and rising serological viral titers in APMPPE after presentation support a potential direct infective etiology.

Ocular toxoplasmosis: a review of the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Purpose: This review aims to summarize the current knowledge concerning the clinical features, diagnostic work-up and therapeutic approach of ocular toxoplasmosis focusing mainly on the postnatally acquired form of the disease.

Methods: A meticulous literature search was performed in the PubMed database. A supplementary search was made in Google Scholar to complete the collected items.

Pathophysiological Aspects of Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Host-parasite Interactions.

Purpose: This review aims to present the state of the art to understand the pathophysiology of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), providing further foundations that would help to improve the future treatment and prognosis of this potentially blinding disease.

Methods: A thorough literature search was performed in PubMed database. An additional search was made in Google Scholar to complete the collected items.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease is a rare, multisystem, autoimmune disorder with numerous clinical manifestations, mediated through a T-helper 1 response against melanocytes in the eye, inner ear, central nervous system, hair and skin. We describe a 20-year-old British-Honduran man with recent worsening headache and photophobia, vomiting and visual blurring. On examination, his pupils reacted sluggishly and visual acuities were bilaterally reduced.

Quantitative analysis of vitreous inflammation using optical coherence tomography in patients receiving sub-Tenon's triamcinolone acetonide for uveitic cystoid macular oedema.

Background/aims: To evaluate the vitreous signals obtained on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with uveitic cystoid macular oedema (CMO) and compare these signals before and after sub-Tenon's triamcinolone acetonide injection.

Methods: Retrospective study with standardised longitudinal imaging preintervention and postintervention. The study cohort comprises 22 patients (22 eyes) with uveitic CMO receiving a sub-Tenon's triamcinolone acetonide (STTA) injection.

Cortisol biosynthesis in the human ocular surface innate immune response.

Innate immune responses have a critical role in regulating sight-threatening ocular surface (OcS) inflammation. While glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used to limit tissue damage, the role of intracrine GC (cortisol) bioavailability via 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) in OcS defense, remains unresolved. We found that primary human corneal epithelial cells (PHCEC), fibroblasts (PHKF) and allogeneic macrophages (M1, GM-CSF; M2, M-CSF) were capable of generating cortisol (M1>PHKF>M2>PHCEC) but in corneal cells, this was independent of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation.

Optical coherence tomography confirmed resolution of macular edema in a diabetic patient after hemodialysis.

Purpose: The authors report the first case, to their knowledge, of resolution of diffuse macular edema after hemodialysis, which has been confirmed by optical coherence tomography.

Methods: A 53-year-old white woman with type 2 diabetes developed worsening macular edema and was examined in the ophthalmology clinic and scheduled for macular grid laser photocoagulation. The laser, however, was deferred for 4 weeks because she had also developed end-stage renal failure and required hemodialysis.

Survey of expert practice and perceptions of the supporting clinical evidence for the management of uveitis-related cataract and cystoid macular oedema.

Purpose: To survey the practice of uveitis experts in the management of uveitic cataract and cystoid macular oedema (CMO).

Methods: A structured questionnaire containing two clinical scenarios was sent to members of the International Uveitis Study Group (IUSG). The questionnaire surveyed both respondents' current practice and their perception of the supporting clinical evidence.

Bilateral ring scotomas following laser in situ keratomileusis.

A 53-year-old white man who had a history of transient ocular hypertension had bilateral laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for myopia. Subsequent computerized static perimetry revealed bilateral, persistent, repeatable midperipheral ring scotomas. The pre-LASIK visual fields were within normal limits, and the optic discs appeared stable and not diagnostic for glaucomatous optic neuropathy.