Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Prostate Cancer and Its Disparity in African Descendants.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in almost all disorders, including cancer. Many factors, including aging, a high-fat diet, a stressful lifestyle, smoking, infection, genetic mutations, etc., lead to elevated levels of ROS.

Recurring & Infection in a Renal Transplant Patient.

and are common causes of gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhea. Although these viruses are typically of short duration in healthy individuals, immunocompromised organ transplant recipients can develop chronic, relapsing symptoms with grave outcomes. We discuss a unique case of chronic infection with subsequent infection in a kidney transplant recipient.

Napsin A expression in small cell carcinoma of the lung: a cytologic study with review of differentials.

Introduction: Napsin A is a diagnostic marker for pulmonary adenocarcinoma and a useful alternative to thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). TTF-1 also stains pulmonary small cell carcinoma (SCCA). Napsin A expression in SCCAs is not as established as it is in non-SCCAs.

Phosphohistone H3 and Ki-67 labeling indices in cytologic specimens from well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas: a comparative analysis using automated image cytometry.

Background: Ki-67 proliferation index was recently incorporated in the grading of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and pancreas. These are now divided into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (WDNETs, grades 1 and 2) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (grade 3). While Ki-67 is an established proliferation marker in NENs, phosphohistone H3 (PHH3), a newer marker of mitotic activity, is not.

P21 activated kinase-1 (Pak1) promotes prostate tumor growth and microinvasion via inhibition of transforming growth factor β expression and enhanced matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion.

P21-activated kinases (Paks) are major effectors downstream of the small Rho family of GTPases. Among the six isoforms, Pak1 is the most ubiquitous and the best characterized member. Previous studies have shown that inhibition of Pak6, which is predominantly present in the prostate compared with other tissues, inhibits prostate tumor growth in vivo.

Granulosa cell tumor of the ovary: cytologic findings.

Objective: To describe the cytologic findings in 6 adult variants of granuloma cell tumors (AGCTs) and 1 juvenile variant (JGCT), emphasizing differences between recurrent/metastatic (REC AGCT) and nonrecurrent tumors (NED AGC7).

Study Design: Imprints and fluids were evaluated for: hypercellularity, Call-Exner bodies (CEB), sheets, single cells/naked nuclei, nuclear grooves, single cell necrosis and established histologic criteria of atypia in AGCT (>3 mitoses, pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, prominent nucleoli).

Results: All AGCTs and JGCT showed hypercellularity, clusters, sheets, single cells and naked nuclei.

Plasmablastic lymphoma: Cytologic findings in 5 cases with unusual presentation.

Background: Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that was once believed to occur primarily in the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals. Numerous extraoral sites have also been reported to date. To the authors' knowledge, however, only 3 reports in the literature describe its cytologic features.