Emergency airway management in the post anesthesia care unit.

Purpose Of Review: Airway management is one of the most challenging aspects in the field of anesthesia. This is also the case when an emergency airway situation arises in the postoperative patient. These airway procedures are often classified as advanced with high complexity.

Between and within laboratory reliability of mouse behaviour recorded in home-cage and open-field.

Background: Reproducibility of behavioural findings between laboratories is difficult due to behaviour being sensitive to environmental factors and interactions with genetics. The objective of this study was to investigate reproducibility of behavioural data between laboratories using the PhenoTyper home cage observation system and within laboratory reproducibility using different lighting regimes.

New Method: The ambulatory activity of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice was tested in PhenoTypers in two laboratories under near identical housing and testing conditions (Exp.

Short- and long-term behavioral analysis of social interaction, ultrasonic vocalizations and social motivation in a chronic phencyclidine model.

Phencyclidine (PCP) has been suggested to induce symptoms of schizophrenia. However, animal models using PCP administration have produced ambiguous results thus far. It seems that acute effects are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia, however, it is not clear if PCP can induce permanent behavioral changes that reflect schizophrenic-like symptoms.

Sleep Architecture Linked to Airway Obstruction and Intracranial Hypertension in Children with Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

Background: Children with syndromic craniosynostosis often have obstructive sleep apnea and intracranial hypertension. The authors aimed to evaluate (1) sleep architecture, and determine whether this is influenced by the presence of obstructive sleep apnea and/or intracranial hypertension; and (2) the effect of treatment on sleep architecture.

Methods: This study included patients with syndromic craniosynostosis treated at a national referral center, undergoing screening for obstructive sleep apnea and intracranial hypertension.

Novel approach to automatically classify rat social behavior using a video tracking system.

Background: In the past, studies in behavioral neuroscience and drug development have relied on simple and quick readout parameters of animal behavior to assess treatment efficacy or to understand underlying brain mechanisms. The predominant use of classical behavioral tests has been repeatedly criticized during the last decades because of their poor reproducibility, poor translational value and the limited explanatory power in functional terms.

New Method: We present a new method to monitor social behavior of rats using automated video tracking.

Male long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) understand the target of facial threat.

The cognitive demands of group living have resulted in the development of social competences in a wide range of animal species. Primates are well aware of the complex social structure within their group and infer information about social status by observing interactions of others. A capacity used to infer this information, Visual Perspective Taking (VPT), is present in apes and in monkeys.

Abnormal transcranial Doppler cerebral blood flow velocity and blood pressure profiles in children with syndromic craniosynostosis and papilledema.

Objective: Children with syndromic craniosynostosis are at risk of intracranial hypertension. This study aims to examine patient profiles of transcranial Doppler (TCD) cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFv) and systemic blood pressure (BP) in subjects with and without papilledema at the time of surgery, and subsequent effect of cranial vault expansion.

Methods: Prospective study of patients treated at a national referral center.

Intermediate-term emotional bookkeeping is necessary for long-term reciprocal grooming partner preferences in an agent-based model of macaque groups.

Whether and how primates are able to maintain long-term affiliative relationships is still under debate. Emotional bookkeeping (EB), the partner-specific accumulation of emotional responses to earlier interactions, is a candidate mechanism that does not require high cognitive abilities. EB is difficult to study in real animals, due to the complexity of primate social life.

Upper airway endoscopy to optimize obstructive sleep apnea treatment in Apert and Crouzon syndromes.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in children with Apert and Crouzon syndromes. Although often related to midface hypoplasia, it is a multi-level problem for which routine midface advancement might be a suboptimal treatment choice. We therefore wished to: 1.

First Vault Expansion in Apert and Crouzon-Pfeiffer Syndromes: Front or Back?

Background: Children with Apert and Crouzon-Pfeiffer syndromes are at risk of intracranial hypertension. Until 2005, when the authors switched to occipital expansion, their institution's preferred treatment was fronto-orbital advancement. However, it was still unclear whether (1) occipitofrontal head circumference (i.

Tactical deception to hide sexual behaviour: macaques use distance, not visibility.

Although tactical deception (TD) may be employed to hide sexual behaviour, there is as yet no firm evidence for it. Hiding may be guided by cognitive mechanisms consistent with either no, low or high level TD, such as exploiting male peripheral positions (no TD), creating distance (TD level 1) or hiding behind screens (TD level 1.5 which involves visual perspective taking (VPT)).

Algorithm for the Management of Intracranial Hypertension in Children with Syndromic Craniosynostosis.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of head growth, obstructive sleep apnea, and intracranial hypertension in patients with syndromic or complex craniosynostosis, and to evaluate the authors' standardized treatment protocol for the management of intracranial hypertension in these patients.

Methods: The authors conducted a prospective observational cohort study of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis at a national referral center, treated according to a standardized protocol. Measurements included occipitofrontal head circumference, with growth arrest defined as downward deflection in occipitofrontal head circumference trajectory greater than or equal to a 0.

Ethological concepts enhance the translational value of animal models.

The translational value of animal models is an issue of ongoing discussion. We argue that 'Refinement' of animal experiments is needed and this can be achieved by exploiting an ethological approach when setting up and conducting experiments. Ethology aims to assess the functional meaning of behavioral changes, due to experimental manipulation or treatment, in animal models.

Emotional bookkeeping and high partner selectivity are necessary for the emergence of partner-specific reciprocal affiliation in an agent-based model of primate groups.

Primate affiliative relationships are differentiated, individual-specific and often reciprocal. However, the required cognitive abilities are still under debate. Recently, we introduced the EMO-model, in which two emotional dimensions regulate social behaviour: anxiety-FEAR and satisfaction-LIKE.

Atypical presentation of a newborn with Apert syndrome.

Introduction: Apert syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by a consistent phenotype including bilateral coronal suture synostosis with an enlarged anterior fontanel, midface hypoplasia, and complex symmetric syndactyly of hands and feet.

Case Report: We present a boy with Apert syndrome caused by the pathogenic c.755C > G p.

Anticipatory and foraging behaviors in response to palatable food reward in chickens: effects of dopamine D2 receptor blockade and domestication.

Behaviors associated with anticipation and search for palatable food may provide information about dopaminergic reward processes and positive motivational affect in animals. The overall aim was to investigate the involvement of dopamine signaling in the regulation of cue-induced anticipation and search for palatable food reward in chicken, and whether domestication has affected expression of reward-related behaviors. The specific aims were to describe effects of mealworms (palatable food for hens) and haloperidol (a dopamine D2 antagonist) on foraging behaviors and cue-induced anticipatory behaviors in Red Junglefowl (RJF; the wild ancestor of modern laying hens) and a white layer hybrid (LSL).

Reproducibility and relevance of future behavioral sciences should benefit from a cross fertilization of past recommendations and today's technology: "Back to the future".

Thanks to the discovery of novel technologies and sophisticated analysis tools we can now 'see' molecules, genes and even patterns of gene expression, which have resulted in major advances in many areas of biology. Recently, similar technologies have been developed for behavioral studies. However, the wide implementation of such technological progress in behavioral research remains behind, as if there are inhibiting factors for accepting and adopting available innovations.

The EMO-model: an agent-based model of primate social behavior regulated by two emotional dimensions, anxiety-FEAR and satisfaction-LIKE.

Agent-based models provide a promising tool to investigate the relationship between individuals' behavior and emerging group-level patterns. An individual's behavior may be regulated by its emotional state and its interaction history with specific individuals. Emotional bookkeeping is a candidate mechanism to keep track of received benefits from specific individuals without requiring high cognitive abilities.

Overexpression of synphilin-1 promotes clearance of soluble and misfolded alpha-synuclein without restoring the motor phenotype in aged A30P transgenic mice.

Lewy bodies and neurites are the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. These structures are composed of fibrillized and ubiquitinated alpha-synuclein suggesting that impaired protein clearance is an important event in aggregate formation. The A30P mutation is known for its fast oligomerization, but slow fibrillization rate.

Orangutan (Pongo spp.) whistling and implications for the emergence of an open-ended call repertoire: a replication and extension.

One of the most apparent discontinuities between non-human primate (primate) call communication and human speech concerns repertoire size. The former is essentially fixed to a limited number of innate calls, while the latter essentially consists of numerous learned components. Consequently, primates are thought to lack laryngeal control required to produce learned voiced calls.

Melanocortin MC(4) receptor-mediated feeding and grooming in rodents.

Decades ago it was recognized that the pharmacological profile of melanocortin ligands that stimulated grooming behavior in rats was strikingly similar to that of Xenopus laevis melanophore pigment dispersion. After cloning of the melanocortin MC1 receptor, expressed in melanocytes, and the melanocortin MC4 receptor, expressed mainly in brain, the pharmacological profiles of these receptors appeared to be very similar and it was demonstrated that these receptors mediate melanocortin-induced pigmentation and grooming respectively. Grooming is a low priority behavior that is concerned with care of body surface.

Population-specific use of the same tool-assisted alarm call between two wild orangutan populations (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) indicates functional arbitrariness [corrected].

Arbitrariness is an elementary feature of human language, yet seldom an object of comparative inquiry. While arbitrary signals for the same function are relatively frequent between animal populations across taxa, the same signal with arbitrary functions is rare and it remains unknown whether, in parallel with human speech, it may involve call production in animals. To investigate this question, we examined a particular orangutan alarm call - the kiss-squeak - and two variants - hand and leaf kiss-squeaks.

An automated system for the recognition of various specific rat behaviours.

The automated measurement of rodent behaviour is crucial to advance research in neuroscience and pharmacology. Rats and mice are used as models for human diseases; their behaviour is studied to discover and develop new drugs for psychiatric and neurological disorders and to establish the effect of genetic variation on behavioural changes. Such behaviour is primarily labelled by humans.

Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) understand what conspecifics can see in a competitive situation.

Visual perspective taking (VPT), an understanding of what others can see, is a prerequisite for theory of mind (ToM). While VPT in apes is proven, its presence in monkeys is much-debated. Several different paradigms have been developed to test its existence, but all face interpretational problems since results can be explained by simpler cognitive mechanisms than VPT.

Vital signs should be maintained as continuous variables when predicting bacterial infections in febrile children.

Objective: To determine how vital signs such as heart and respiratory rates should be included in prediction models for serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in febrile children.

Study Design And Setting: Prospective observational study of 1,750 febrile children aged <16 years, visiting the emergency department of a university hospital; of them 13% (n = 222) had SBI. Common age-specific thresholds of heart and respiratory rates were used to define tachycardia and tachypnea.