Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites are altered and associated with dietary intake in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Background: Disturbances in the gut microbiota may act as mechanisms influencing the interplay between dietary factors and metabolic disorders. Studies have demonstrated that these alterations are associated with the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Within this context, we aimed to investigate associations between gut microbiota, gut-derived metabolites (short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs] and indole-3-propionic acid [IPA]), and dietary intake in women with PCOS.

Interactions between glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and estrogens regulates lipid metabolism.

Obesity, characterized by excessive fat accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT), is linked to numerous health issues, including insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The distribution of adipose tissue differs by sex, with men typically exhibiting android adiposity and pre-menopausal women displaying gynecoid adiposity. After menopause, women have an increased risk of developing android-type obesity, IR, and DM2.

Effects of a high-protein, low-glycemic-index diet on body weight and waist circumference in late postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To describe the secondary outcomes (weight loss, waist circumference [WC], and glycolipid profile) of a previous randomized controlled trial designed to investigate the impact of a high-protein, low-glycemic-index (GI) diet on lean body mass in late postmenopausal women.

Subjects And Methods: A total of 26 healthy women aged ≥ 65 years and with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 26.1 ± 3.

Topiramate added to metformin for obesity control in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized clinical trial.

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is often linked with obesity, and weight management can improve endocrine and cardiometabolic features.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of adding topiramate (TPM) to metformin (MTF) on weight control, hormonal and metabolic outcomes in women with PCOS.

Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, participants with PCOS and body mass index ≥30 kg/m² or ≥27 kg/m² associated with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or dyslipidemia followed a 20 kcal/kg diet in addition to 850 mg of MTF or a previous MTF regimen.

Uterine changes in transgender men receiving testosterone therapy.

Objectives: Despite regular gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), the presence of uterine bleeding can occur occasionally and cause profound discomfort. This study aimed to evaluate the histologic features and immunohistochemical expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and androgen receptors (AR) in the endometrium and myometrium of transgender men receiving testosterone therapy and relate them to clinical and hormonal characteristics.

Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Impact of bariatric surgery on anthropometric, metabolic, and reproductive outcomes in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in females. Modest weight loss improves reproductive and metabolic PCOS features. While lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapies remain first-line weight loss strategies, bariatric surgery is emerging as a potentially effective treatment.

Prevalence and risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus among middle-aged women in southern Brazil: a population-based study.

Objectives: To investigate prevalence and clinical factors associated with diabetes among middle-aged women.

Methods: In this cross-sectional population-based study, clinical and laboratory examinations were collected from 298 women. Participants wore a digital pedometer for 7 days to assess habitual physical activity.

Persistent vaginal bleeding during gender-affirming hormone therapy in transgender men.

Purpose: While it is common for menstrual cycles to cease within the initial 6 months of treatment, there are instances where some transgender men may not experience this cessation. We analyzed transgender men undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) with testosterone who experienced breakthrough bleeding in order to identify the factors associated with this condition.

Methods: In this case-control study, 24 transgender men in the case group and 48 in the control group were assessed for clinical, sociodemographic, hormonal, and body composition variables using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Potassium levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome using spironolactone for long-term.

Objective: Spironolactone (SPL) has been used to manage hyperandrogenic manifestations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), but data on the risk of hyperkalemia in this population are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of hyperkalemia in women with PCOS using SPL in the long term.

Design: Single-centre retrospective study.

Effects of different insulin sensitisers in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: Characteristic features of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) include insulin resistance and an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. To promote improved insulin sensitivity, insulin sensitisers have been used in PCOS. However, direct comparisons across these agents are limited.

The impact of neonatal 17-hydroxyprogesterone cutoff determination in a public newborn screening program for congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Southern Brazil: 3 years' experience.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) occurs due to enzyme defects in adrenal steroidogenesis. The 21-hydroxylase deficiency accounts for 90-95% of cases, triggering accumulation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP). Early diagnosis through neonatal screening allows adequate treatment and reduced mortality.

Lean mass and associated factors in women with PCOS with different phenotypes.

Although current evidence suggests increased risk of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic alterations in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), especially of a hyperandrogenic phenotype, the impact of each one of these variables on muscle mass remains uncertain. In this case-control study, we evaluated clinical and hormonal characteristics related to lean body mass according to the different PCOS phenotypes. We performed clinical, metabolic, and hormonal assessments and evaluated body compartments by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 133 women of reproductive age.

Assisted Reproductive Technology in the Presence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Current Evidence and Knowledge Gaps.

Objective: In this narrative review, we discuss the current evidence as well as the knowledge gaps concerning assisted reproductive technology (ART) indications, protocols, and results in the presence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods: An electronic literature search was performed for English-language publications in the last decade in databases such as PubMed, Medline, the Web of Sciences, Embase, and Scopus.

Results: We found evidence that ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis are deeply altered by PCOS; however, the oocyte quality and pregnancy rates after ART are not affected.

Metformin and Combined Oral Contraceptive Pills in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects more than 1 in 10 women.

Objective: As part of the 2023 International PCOS Guidelines update, comparisons between combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP), metformin, and combination treatment were evaluated.

Data Sources: Ovid Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, All EBM, and CINAHL were searched.

A speech therapy for transgender women: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: We systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the effects of speech therapy and phonosurgery, for transgender women, in relation to the fundamental frequency gain of the voice, regarding the type of vocal sample collected, and we compared the effectiveness of the treatments. In addition, the study design, year, country, types of techniques used, total therapy time, and vocal assessment protocols were analyzed.

Methods: We searched the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases for observational studies and clinical trials, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, between January 2010 and January 2023.

Associations between bone mass, hormone levels, and body composition in postmenopausal women.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore body composition parameters and hormone levels as risk factors for low bone mass (osteopenia/osteoporosis) in postmenopausal women.

Methods: We analyzed biorepository samples from 139 postmenopausal women with no clinical evidence of cardiovascular disease. Inclusion criteria were menopause occurring after 40 years of age and no use of hormone therapy in the past 3 months.

The Effect of Gender-Affirming Hormone Therapy on the Risk of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in the Transgender Population: A Systematic Review.

Objective: The impact of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on cardiovascular (CV) health is still not entirely established. A systematic review was conducted to summarize the evidence on the risk of subclinical atherosclerosis in transgender people receiving GAHT.

Methods: A systematic review was performed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, and data were searched in PubMed, LILACS, EMBASE, and Scopus databases for cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies or randomized clinical trials, including transgender people receiving GAHT.

Effect of Suppressive Levothyroxine Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Young Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma.

Suppressive levothyroxine therapy (sT4) is a cornerstone in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Long-term sT4 may affect bone mineral density (BMD). We evaluated the effect of sT4 on the bone mass of young DTC patients.

Estradiol Replacement as a Potential Enhancer of Working Memory and Neuroplasticity in Hypogonadal Trans Women.

Introduction: The cognitive effects of cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) are not well understood. In cisgender individuals, sex hormone therapy can impact neurotransmitter levels and structural anatomy. Similarly, in gender-diverse persons, CSHT has been associated with neural adaptations, such as growth in brain structures resembling those observed in cisgender individuals of the same sex.

Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS.

Hirsutism is defined as the presence of terminal hair with male pattern distribution in women. While in the general population, hirsutism affects around 4-11% of women, it is the main manifestation of hyperandrogenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), with a prevalence estimated at 65-75%. Hirsutism in PCOS is associated with both androgen excess and individual response of the pilosebaceous unit to androgens.

Physical frailty in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic disease characterized by autoimmunity, vasculopathy and fibrosis of several organs, such as skin, lungs, and heart. During the disease course, patients with SSc are prone to accumulating multiple organ damage and increasing their vulnerability to adverse outcomes. This increased vulnerability to adverse outcomes when exposed to a stressor among people of the same age is known as frailty.