The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mellitus: a narrative review.

Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder associated with chronic complications, is traditionally classified into two main subtypes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) results from gradual pancreatic islet β cell autoimmune destruction, extending over months or years. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a heterogeneous disorder, with both insulin resistance and impairment in insulin secretion contributing to its pathogenesis.

Pathogenesis of propylthiouracil-related hepatotoxicity in children: present concepts.

Propylthiouracil (PTU), carbimazole (CMZ) and methimazole (MMI) are the most common drugs used today in cases of adolescent thyrotoxicosis. Skepticism has been growing regarding the use of PTU in childhood and its association with severe liver failure. The aim of this review is to present all the recent data regarding pathogenesis of PTU hepatotoxicity in children and adolescents.

Propylthiouracil hepatitis: report of a case and extensive review of the literature.

Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) have been widely and effectively used for the treatment of pediatric and adult thyrotoxicosis for more than a half century. Since the very beginning of ATD use, reports of hepatic dysfunction related to propylthiouracil (PTU) therapy have been published. We describe a case of a 12-year-old girl, who, after 4 weeks of therapy for Graves disease (GD) with PTU (300 mg/day at 100 mg given three times a day), developed fatigue, fever, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.

Breastfeeding and antithyroid drugs: a view from within.

The aim of this communication is to provide information regarding the use of antithyroid drugs (ATD) during lactation. Three ATD are used today: propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI) and carbimazole (CMZ). The latter is a prodrug which is bioactivated to MMI.

Toxicological considerations for antithyroid drugs in children.

Introduction: Propylthiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI) and carbimazole are indicated for the treatment of hyperthyroidism in adult and pediatric patients. The aim of this review is to present all the relevant information regarding the use of antithyroid drugs (ATD) in pediatric thyrotoxic cases, the pediatric toxicology of ATD and the warning which has recently been issued for PTU by the FDA.

Areas Covered: Epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of pediatric thyrotoxicosis are all presented in this article.

Pharmacological treatment of hyperthyroidism during lactation: review of the literature and novel data.

Antithyroid drugs (ATD) are used as a first line treatment in thyrotoxicosis. Propylthiouracil (PTU), carbimazole (CMZ) and methimazole (MMI) are available. During absorption CMZ is bioactivated to MMI.

Rising serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels after weight loss in obese women correlate with improvement in insulin resistance.

Objective: The objective of the study was to examine changes of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25OHD) and PTH blood levels 4 and 20 wk after low-calorie diet-induced weight loss.

Methods: Forty-four obese women [aged 40.6 +/- 11.