The development of the Promoting First Relationships home visiting program and caregivers' comments about their experiences across four RCT studies.

Promoting First Relationships (PFR) is an evidence-based home-visiting program for caregivers and their children from birth to age 5 years. It focuses on caregiver-child interaction, attachment, and relationship quality using video feedback of unedited recordings to elicit reflection and provide positive feedback linked to knowledge development. This paper provides a brief history of PFR and reports on a qualitative study of 222 caregivers' comments about their PFR experiences following participation in one of four randomized controlled trials conducted over the past decade in the United States (two studies within child welfare setting, one study with Native American families, and one study with Spanish and English-speaking mothers), using a thematic analysis approach to code excerpts from written satisfaction surveys and oral satisfaction interviews.

Correction: Using machine learning to understand age and gender classification based on infant temperament.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Trying to Do What's Best: Maternal Perspectives About Toddler Sleep Health Among an Underresourced Sample of Mothers With Diverse Racial and Ethnic Identities.

Introduction: This study describes mothers' knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices about their toddler's sleep health among an underresourced sample of mothers with diverse racial and ethnic identities.

Method: This was a descriptive qualitative study with 16 mothers and their 12- to 36-month-old child. Mothers completed a semistructured, audio-recorded interview about their toddler's sleep health.

Integrating social support into interventions among the elderly in nursing homes: a scoping review.

Objectives: This study aimed to understand the evidence related to integration of social support into interventions, to identify literature gaps related to social support interventions, and to clarify dimensions of supportive functions, outcomes, and providers among the elderly in nursing homes.

Design: This scoping review followed the approach by Arksey and O'Malley. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool V.

Using machine learning to understand age and gender classification based on infant temperament.

Age and gender differences are prominent in the temperament literature, with the former particularly salient in infancy and the latter noted as early as the first year of life. This study represents a meta-analysis utilizing Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R) data collected across multiple laboratories (N = 4438) to overcome limitations of smaller samples in elucidating links among temperament, age, and gender in early childhood. Algorithmic modeling techniques were leveraged to discern the extent to which the 14 IBQ-R subscale scores accurately classified participating children as boys (n = 2,298) and girls (n = 2,093), and into three age groups: youngest (< 24 weeks; n = 1,102), mid-range (24 to 48 weeks; n = 2,557), and oldest (> 48 weeks; n = 779).

Randomized trial of promoting first relationships for new mothers who received community mental health services in pregnancy.

The effectiveness of Promoting First Relationships (PFR), a 10-week home visiting program with video feedback, was tested in a randomized controlled trial involving 252 mothers and their 8- to 12-week-old infants. Mothers were eligible if they initiated treatment after mental health screening (depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) at a community or public health primary care center in pregnancy. At baseline, 51% had mild to severe depression symptoms, 54% had mild to severe anxiety, and 35% had PTSD.

Targeting Parenting Quality to Reduce Early Life Adversity Impacts on Lifespan Cardiometabolic Risk.

Mounting evidence that early life adversity (ELA) exposures confer risk for cardiometabolic disease over the lifespan motivated this narrative review to examine parenting quality as a potential intervention target to reduce ELA exposures or mitigate their impact as a way of reducing or preventing cardiometabolic disease. We describe findings from the limited number of family-based intervention studies in ELA-exposed children that have tested parenting impacts on cardiometabolic health outcomes. We then describe the implications of this work and make recommendations for future research that will move this field forward.

Caring for healthcare providers in COVID-19.

There is concern for the mental health of healthcare providers during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we focus on the protective strategies that all people, but in this case healthcare providers, use when facing danger and how specific preventive responses could reduce the mental health burden to nurses, doctors, and emergency medical personnel working in hospitals. Our primary contributions are to demonstrate that healthcare providers are not a homogeneous group regarding mental health risks and that, consequently, individuals might need different forms of preventive and ameliorative response.

Salvage Radiation Therapy for Patients With Relapsing Glioblastoma Multiforme and the Role of Slow Fractionation.

Background: Salvage radiation therapy (SRT) can be offered to patients with relapsing glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Here we report our experience with a schedule extending the treatment time of SRT with the aim to prolong the cytotoxic effect of ionizing radiation while minimizing the cytotoxic hazards for the surrounding brain.

Methods And Patients: From 2009 until 2017, 124 of 218 patients received radical resection, adjuvant chemo-radiation with photons and temozolomide (TMZ) followed by adjuvant TMZ.

Early Life Adversity and Pubertal Timing: Implications for Cardiometabolic Health.

Objective: To identify early life adversity (ELA) risk factors for earlier pubertal timing, itself a risk factor for poor cardiometabolic health, and to determine whether such ELA-related risk may be mediated by pre-pubertal body mass index (BMI).

Methods: Subjects included 426 female participants in a prospective birth cohort study, the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Survival analysis models were fit to examine ELA exposures, representing childhood socioeconomic status (SES), maternal sensitivity, mother-child attachment, and negative life events, along with child health indicators and covariates, in relation to pubertal timing outcomes, including age at menarche and ages at Tanner stage II for breast and pubic hair development.

Benefit-cost analysis of Promoting First Relationships®: Implications of victim benefits assumptions for return on investment.

Background: Child abuse and neglect (CAN) cost United States society $136 billion to $428 billion annually. Preventive interventions that reduce CAN may improve people's lives and generate economic benefits to society, but their magnitude is likely to vary greatly with assumptions about victim costs avoided through intervention.

Objective: We examined the implications of different assumptions about avoided victim costs in a benefit-cost analysis of Promoting First Relationships® (PFR), a 10-session attachment and strengths-based home visiting intervention.

Sleep Patterns, Problems and Ecology among Toddlers in Families with a Child Protective Services Maltreatment Referral.

Purpose: To describe sleep patterns, problems, and ecology among toddlers (13 to 36 months) from families referred to Child Protective Services (CPS) for maltreatment and to compare sleep duration among a subgroup (24- to 36-month-olds) to previously published population-based data.

Design And Methods: A secondary analysis of a larger longitudinal study was conducted. Participants included 113 parent-toddler dyads recruited out of CPS offices based on having a recent maltreatment referral.

The Effects of Early Postpartum Depression on Infant Temperament.

Research linking postpartum depression (PPD) with negative child outcomes has predominantly examined PPD at six weeks postpartum or later, and has not controlled for depression during pregnancy. The present study examined associations between PPD at three weeks postpartum and temperament in 6-month-old infants in a sample of women who were not depressed during pregnancy. Depression was assessed at three weeks and six months postpartum using the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS).

Sleep Problems, Daily Napping Behavior, and Social-Emotional Functioning among Young Children from Families Referred to Child Protective Services.

Objective/background: Insufficient and/or poor-quality sleep may contribute to poor social-emotional well-being, and vice versa, among young children who have experienced maltreatment. This study examined longitudinal associations between sleep and social-emotional functioning among a sample of infants and toddlers from families involved with Child Protective Services (CPS) for maltreatment.

Participants: Participants were 123 parents and their infant or toddler (baseline age 10 to 24 months) from families referred to CPS for maltreatment.

Impact of a home visiting program on sleep problems among young children experiencing adversity.

Background: Adversity may negatively impact young children's sleep but receiving home visitation services could buffer children from this potential consequence of adversity.

Objective: This study examined whether young children's adverse experiences increased their risk for sleep problems and if Promoting First Relationships® (PFR), a home visitation program, reduced children's risk for sleep problems both directly and indirectly through increased parenting sensitivity.

Participants And Setting: Participants were 247 parents and their 10- to 24-month-old child recruited from Child Protective Services offices.

Does Parents' Own History of Child Abuse Moderate the Effectiveness of the Promoting First Relationships® Intervention in Child Welfare?

To better understand how and for whom parenting intervention may improve family outcomes in child welfare services, we examined whether parents' own history of child abuse moderated the indirect effects of the Promoting First Relationships® (PFR) intervention on toddlers' secure base behavior via parental sensitivity. Parents ( N = 247) and their toddlers (10-24 months) involved with child protective services were randomized to PFR or a control intervention. Results showed that the PFR group demonstrated greater parental sensitivity at postintervention than the control group, which in turn led to higher levels of toddler secure base behavior at 6-month follow-up.

CAN ATTACHMENT INFORM DECISION-MAKING IN CHILD PROTECTION AND FORENSIC SETTINGS?

The historic publication of the "consensus statement" on not using the "D/disorganized" category in the infant Strange Situation (M. Ainsworth, M. Blehar, E.

DYNAMIC-MATURATIONAL MODEL OF ATTACHMENT AND ADAPTATION VERSUS ABC+D ASSESSMENTS OF ATTACHMENT IN CHILD PROTECTION AND TREATMENT: REPLY TO VAN IJZENDOORN, BAKERMANS, STEELE, & GRANQVIST (2018).

In this brief response, we commend the commentary authors for joining a dialogue about the future of individual differences in attachment both around person-specific forensic and clinical issues also around working together to develop theory and coding practices. We point to several areas of explicit and implicit agreement and discuss several misunderstandings. We close with a proposal for future work together, possibly using the only set of video-recorded Strange Situations classified by Mary Ainsworth as a starting point from which we can explore alternative means of extending and expanding her work.

PARENTAL CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS, AND PARENTING QUALITY: EFFECTS ON TODDLER SELF-REGULATION IN CHILD WELFARE SERVICES INVOLVED FAMILIES.

Parents who are involved with child welfare services (CWSI) often have a history of childhood adversity and depressive symptoms. Both affect parenting quality, which in turn influences child adaptive functioning. We tested a model of the relations between parental depression and child regulatory outcomes first proposed by K.

Ensuring Implementation Fidelity of a 10-Week Home Visiting Program in Two Randomized Clinical Trials.

Introduction Implementation fidelity is a challenge for the adoption of evidence-based programs within social service broadly and child welfare specifically. However, implementation fidelity is critical for maintaining the integrity of clinical trials and for ensuring successful delivery of services in public health settings. Methods Promoting First Relationships (PFR), a 10-week home visiting parenting intervention, was evaluated in two randomized clinical trials with populations of families in child welfare.

Disorganized attachment in infancy: a review of the phenomenon and its implications for clinicians and policy-makers.

Disorganized/Disoriented (D) attachment has seen widespread interest from policy makers, practitioners, and clinicians in recent years. However, some of this interest seems to have been based on some false assumptions that (1) attachment measures can be used as definitive assessments of the individual in forensic/child protection settings and that disorganized attachment (2) reliably indicates child maltreatment, (3) is a strong predictor of pathology, and (4) represents a fixed or static "trait" of the child, impervious to development or help. This paper summarizes the evidence showing that these four assumptions are false and misleading.

Promoting First Relationships: Randomized Trial of a 10-Week Home Visiting Program With Families Referred to Child Protective Services.

We conducted a community-based randomized control trial with intent-to-treat analysis on Promoting First Relationships® (PFR), a 10-week home visiting program. The study included 247 families with 10- to 24-month-old children who had a recent, open child protective services investigation of child maltreatment. Families were randomly assigned to receive either the 10-week home visiting PFR service or a telephone-based, three-call resource and referral (R&R) service.

Parenting and Preschool Self-Regulation as Predictors of Social Emotional Competence in 1st Grade.

The current longitudinal study used data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) to examine a model of development that emphasizes early caregiving environments as predictors of social emotional competence (including classroom competence). This path analysis model included features of parenting, emotion regulation, preschool language skills, and attention to predict child outcomes in 1st grade. Early caregiving environments were directly predictive of peer relationship satisfaction, oppositional behavior, social skills, and classroom competence over and above significant mediated effects through preschool self regulation (language, inattention, and anger/frustration).