Predecisional information search adaptively reduces three types of uncertainty.

How do people search for information when they are given the opportunity to freely explore their options? Previous research has suggested that people focus on reducing uncertainty before making a decision, but it remains unclear how exactly they do so and whether they do so consistently. We present an analysis of over 1,000,000 information-search decisions made by over 2,500 individuals in a decisions-from-experience setting that cleanly separates information search from choice. Using a data-driven approach supported by a formal measurement framework, we examine how people allocate samples to options and how they decide to terminate search.

Frequent winners explain apparent skewness preferences in experience-based decisions.

Do people's attitudes toward the (a)symmetry of an outcome distribution affect their choices? Financial investors seek return distributions with frequent small returns but few large ones, consistent with leading models of choice in economics and finance that assume right-skewed preferences. In contrast, many experiments in which decision-makers learn about choice options through experience find the opposite choice tendency, in favor of left-skewed options. To reconcile these seemingly contradicting findings, the present work investigates the effect of skewness on choices in experience-based decisions.

Absolute and relative stability of loss aversion across contexts.

Individuals' decisions under risk tend to be in line with the notion that "losses loom larger than gains." This loss aversion in decision making is commonly understood as a stable individual preference that is manifested across different contexts. The presumed stability and generality, which underlies the prominence of loss aversion in the literature at large, has been recently questioned by studies reporting how loss aversion can disappear, and even reverse, as a function of the choice context.

Climate change beliefs and their correlates in Latin America.

The ability of climate skeptics to block climate action depends on prevailing beliefs among the public. Research in advanced democracies has shown skepticism about the existence, the causes, and the consequences of climate change to be associated with socio-demographic features and political ideology. Yet, little is known about climate-related beliefs elsewhere.

Micromolar Affinity and Higher: Synthetic Host-Guest Complexes with High Stabilities.

The design of high-affinity synthetic host-guest complexes is of paramount importance because they are key elements in constructing unprecedented supramolecular assemblies, functional materials, molecular probes, artificial signal transduction events, and interfaces with the biological world. The present review article collects recent achievements in the design of 1 : 1 host-guest complexes with outstanding stabilities, i.e.

The repulsion effect in preferential choice and its relation to perceptual choice.

People rely on the choice context to guide their decisions, violating fundamental principles of rational choice theory and exhibiting phenomena called context effects. Recent research has uncovered that dominance relationships can both increase or decrease the choice share of the dominating option, marking the two ends of an attraction-repulsion continuum. However, empirical links between the two opposing effects are scarce and theoretical accounts are missing altogether.

Improved performance and consistency of deep learning 3D liver segmentation with heterogeneous cancer stages in magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: Accurate liver segmentation is key for volumetry assessment to guide treatment decisions. Moreover, it is an important pre-processing step for cancer detection algorithms. Liver segmentation can be especially challenging in patients with cancer-related tissue changes and shape deformation.

The elusiveness of context effects in decision making.

Contextual features influence human and non-human decision making, giving rise to preference reversals. Decades of research have documented the species and situations in which these effects are observed. More recently, however, researchers have focused on boundary conditions, that is, settings in which established effects disappear or reverse.

The simultaneous recognition of multiple words: A process analysis.

In everyday life, recognition decisions often have to be made for multiple objects simultaneously. In contrast, research on recognition memory has predominantly relied on single-item recognition paradigms. We present a first systematic investigation into the cognitive processes that differ between single-word and paired-word tests of recognition memory.

Comparison of image quality of subtracted and nonsubtracted breath hold VIBE and free breathing GRASP in the evaluation of renal masses.

Objective: To compare the image quality of subtracted and nonsubtracted images obtained using volumetric interpolated breath-hold exam (VIBE) and free breathing T1 weighted Golden-angle Radial Sparse Parallel (GRASP).

Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 27 consecutive patients who underwent MRI for the evaluation of renal masses. Contrast enhanced VIBE and free breathing GRASP imaging were performed, and subtraction images generated.

Preoperative, Multidisciplinary Clinical Optimization of Patients with Severely Depressed Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Who Are Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a routine operation despite major advancements in angioplastic procedures. Around 200,000 CABG procedures are performed annually in the U.S.

Response time models separate single- and dual-process accounts of memory-based decisions.

Human decisions often deviate from economic rationality and are influenced by cognitive biases. One such bias is the memory bias according to which people prefer choice options they have a better memory of-even when the options' utilities are comparatively low. Although this phenomenon is well supported empirically, its cognitive foundation remains elusive.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: Deciphering the Black and White.

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) remains the conventional method of imaging the pancreatic and biliary tree and is performed by direct injection of iodinated contrast material via the major papilla. This diagnostic procedure gained popularity in the 1970s and subsequently paved way for ERCP guided interventions such as sphincterotomy, stone retrieval and stent placement. Currently, therapeutic ERCP is more widespread than diagnostic ERCP primarily due to the availability of noninvasive imaging.

Optimizing Image Quality When Evaluating Blood Flow at Doppler US: A Tutorial.

Doppler US is an essential component of nearly all diagnostic US procedures. In this era of increased awareness of the effects of ionizing radiation and the side effects of iodine- and gadolinium-based contrast agents, Doppler US is poised to play an even bigger role in medical imaging. It is safe, cost-effective, portable, and highly accurate when performed by an experienced operator.

Implantable Electronic Stimulation Devices from Head to Sacrum: Imaging Features and Functions.

Electronic stimulation devices are implanted in various locations in the body to decrease pain, modulate nerve function, or stimulate various end organs. The authors describe these devices using a craniocaudal approach, first describing deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices and ending with sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) devices. The radiology-relevant background information for each device and its imaging appearance are also described.

A reinforcement learning diffusion decision model for value-based decisions.

Psychological models of value-based decision-making describe how subjective values are formed and mapped to single choices. Recently, additional efforts have been made to describe the temporal dynamics of these processes by adopting sequential sampling models from the perceptual decision-making tradition, such as the diffusion decision model (DDM). These models, when applied to value-based decision-making, allow mapping of subjective values not only to choices but also to response times.

MRI of the Penis: Indications, Anatomy, and Pathology.

The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of penile pathology. Normal penile anatomy as well as the appearance of neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities on MRI will be reviewed. While ultrasound remains the first line imaging modality in evaluating most penile pathology, MR imaging has specific advantages owing to improved soft tissue resolution, ability to evaluate less accessible or complex anatomy (such as at the base of the penis), and the ability to detect subtle enhancement.

How similarity between choice options affects decisions from experience: The accentuation-of-differences model.

Traditional theories of decision making require that humans evaluate choice options independently of each other. The independence principle underlying this notion states that the relative choice probability of two options should be independent of the choice set. Previous research demonstrated systematic violations of this principle in decisions from description (context effects), leading to the development of various models explaining them.

Does MR enterography offer added value after a recent CT in the evaluation of abdominal pain in Crohn's disease patients?

Purpose: To determine if there is added value in performing MR enterography shortly after a contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis in patients with Crohn's disease presenting with acute abdominal pain.

Materials And Methods: A total of 45 consecutive patients who underwent MRE examination <7 days after a CT met our strict inclusion criteria. Independent and blinded review of both MRE and CT exams was performed by two abdominal radiologists.

MR Imaging of the Testicular and Extratesticular Tumors: When Do We Need?

Testicular ultrasound is typically the first-line imaging examination in evaluating scrotal pathology. However, MR imaging can often provide valuable additional information, especially when ultrasound and/or clinical examinations are inconclusive. This is particularly evident when encountering testicular or paratesticular lesions, where accurate localization and characterization are paramount for management and prognosis.

Value-based attentional capture affects multi-alternative decision making.

Humans and other animals often violate economic principles when choosing between multiple alternatives, but the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain elusive. A robust finding is that adding a third option can alter the relative preference for the original alternatives, but studies disagree on whether the third option's value decreases or increases accuracy. To shed light on this controversy, we used and extended the paradigm of one study reporting a positive effect.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Endometrial Polyps: Frequency of Occurrence and Interobserver Reliability.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and interobserver agreement of endometrial polyps.

Methods: After institutional review board approval, our database was searched for women older than 18 years who underwent MRI pelvis and pelvic surgical intervention from 2012 to 2016. Seventy-two patients with polyps and 75 controls composed the study cohort.

When the Good Looks Bad: An Experimental Exploration of the Repulsion Effect.

When people are choosing among different options, context seems to play a vital role. For instance, adding a third option can increase the probability of choosing a similar dominating option. This attraction effect is one of the most widely studied phenomena in decision-making research.