Factors Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation at Two Months Postpartum in American Indian Women: An Exploratory Analysis.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and continuation at two months postpartum in American Indian (AI) mothers in South Dakota and to identify factors associated with breastfeeding. Using logistic regression, data from the South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System were used to investigate the relationship between binary breastfeeding initiation and continuation outcomes and maternal behaviors and experiences including access to health care, safe sleep practices, ability to handle life events, depression, and sources of breastfeeding information. Higher odds of initiation were seen for factors including access to health care services, ability to handle life events, and sources of breastfeeding information, while lower odds were seen for factors including safe sleep.

Experience Implementing a Public Health Surveillance System Designed for Fathers of Infants on a South Dakota American Indian Reservation.

Introduction: Paternal behaviors and attitudes during pregnancy are not known. A health survey for fathers of recently born infants was developed to be administered concurrently with a maternal survey to assess parental behaviors and attitudes before, during and after pregnancy.

Methods: Participants were parents of 149 American Indian infants born from April 1 and Dec.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among rural healthcare workers.

The objective of this longitudinal cohort study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in healthcare workers employed at healthcare settings in three rural counties in eastern South Dakota and western Minnesota from May 13, 2020, through December 22, 2020. Three blood draws were performed at five clinical sites and tested for the presence of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2. Serum samples were tested for the presence of antibodies using a fluorescent microsphere immunoassay (FMIA), neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike-pseudotyped particles (SARS-CoV-2pp) assay, and serum virus neutralization (SVN) assay.

Association Between Prepregnancy Obesity and Health Behaviors, Adverse Conditions, and Birth Outcomes in South Dakota.

Introduction: Prepregnancy obesity has been shown to be associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes but little is known about the associations with health-related behaviors and conditions before, during and after pregnancy.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study used data from the South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (SD PRAMS) survey, which is an ongoing state-based surveillance system of maternal behaviors, attitudes, and experiences before, during, and shortly after pregnancy. The 2017 and 2018 SD PRAMS sampled a total of 3,805 mothers who were randomly selected from birth certificate records to be representative of all South Dakota women who delivered a live-born infant.

Neuromuscular performance changes throughout the menstrual cycle in physically active females.

Objectives: To determine changes in neuromuscular performance throughout the menstrual cycle in females aged 18-25.

Methods: Fifty physically active college females (25 on oral contraceptives (OC)) were recruited to participate. Data collection visits coincided with early-follicular (Fp), ovulatory (Op), and the mid-luteal (Lp) phases.

Individual participant data (IPD)-level meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials with vitamin D-fortified foods to estimate Dietary Reference Values for vitamin D.

Context And Purpose: Individual participant data-level meta-regression (IPD) analysis is superior to meta-regression based on aggregate data in determining Dietary Reference Values (DRV) for vitamin D. Using data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with vitamin D-fortified foods, we undertook an IPD analysis of the response of winter serum 25-hydroxyvitamin (25(OH)D) to total vitamin D intake among children and adults and derived DRV for vitamin D.

Methods: IPD analysis using data from 1429 participants (ages 2-89 years) in 11 RCTs with vitamin D-fortified foods identified via a systematic review and predefined eligibility criteria.

Safe Sleep Behaviors Among South Dakota Mothers and the Role of the Healthcare Provider.

Introduction: The purpose of this report was to determine the prevalence of safe sleep practices among South Dakota mothers, and the impact that education from their healthcare provider had on infant safe sleep practices as defined by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

Method: A population-based survey was administered to a random sample of mothers delivering in 2017. Data were weighted to obtain statewide and race-specific (white, non-Hispanic; American Indian; other races) prevalence rates.

Plasma Ceramides and Triglycerides Are Elevated during Pregnancy in Association with Markers of Insulin Resistance in Hutterite Women.

Changes in maternal insulin sensitivity and circulating lipids typically occur during the metabolic transitions of pregnancy and lactation. Although ceramides can cause insulin resistance in mammals, their potential roles during pregnancy and lactation are unknown. We hypothesized that changes in lipids like ceramide and triglycerides could occur across different reproductive states and relate to insulin resistance.

Feasibility and Effects on Muscle Function of an Exercise Program for Older Adults.

Introduction: Study objective was to determine feasibility and compliance with a 3-month exercise intervention in older adults, and if peripheral quantitative computed tomography muscle measures and jumping mechanography could detect changes in muscle mass and function.

Methods: A parallel group, nonblinded, pilot trial with individuals 70 yr or older randomized to control group of walking-only (WALK) or an intervention group of walking combined with exercises to improve balance and strength (W + EX). Both groups attended similar weekly nutrition education sessions.

Comparison of Physical Activity by Lifestyle Between Two Rural Pediatric Population Groups.

Background: Obesity prevalence is higher among rural populations than urban, including youth. Reduced physical activity levels are associated with childhood obesity. It could be assumed that the obesity disparity between rural and urban children is attributable, in part, to differences in physical activity levels; however, previous research quantifying and comparing physical activity levels between rural and urban youth are mixed.

Racial Differences in Hospitalizations Due to Injuries in South Dakota Children and Adolescents.

Objectives: To determine racial differences and trends in pediatric injury hospitalization rates in a rural state.

Methods: Hospital inpatient discharge data (2009-2014) for South Dakota residents aged 0-19 years were used to calculate annual hospitalization rates due to injuries. Race-, age-, and sex-specific rates were calculated, and trends over time were determined.

Evaluating hours of sleep and perceived stress on dietary cognitive restraint in a survey of college students.

The objective of this study was to examine associations of sleep quality and quantity, food security, and physical activity with eating behaviors that may be associated with college weight gain. College students enrolled in multiple sections of a general education class completed an online survey in January 2016 ( = 153; 18-52 years of age). A cross-sectional study was conducted.

Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Association between Glycemic Status and Body Composition in Men: A Population-Based Study.

This study sought to evaluate the associations between changes in glycemic status and changes in total body (TB), trunk, and appendicular fat (FM) and lean mass (LM) in men. A population-based study of men aged 20⁻66 years at baseline were included in cross-sectional ( = 430) and three-year longitudinal ( = 411) analyses. Prediabetes was defined as fasting glucose 100⁻125 mg/dL.

Differences in Physical Activity and Diet Patterns between Non-Rural and Rural Adults.

Background: It is unclear how rural occupations and lifestyles may play a role in shaping physical activity and diet behaviors that contribute to the rural⁻urban obesity disparity.

Methods: Data come from the prospective and observational South Dakota Rural Bone Health Study, which included adults aged 20⁻66 years in three groups: (1) non-rural non-Hutterite, (2) rural non-Hutterite, and (3) rural Hutterite. Physical activity data were collected using 7-day physical activity questionnaires, and hours per day in physical activity categories are reported.

Pregnancy Survey of Smoking and Alcohol Use in South Dakota American Indian and White Mothers.

Introduction: American Indian populations are believed to have relatively high tobacco use and alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy compared with other populations despite little evidence.

Methods: Population-based survey distributed 2-6 months postpartum to 1,814 South Dakota mothers having a live birth in 2014. Prevalence of self-reported smoking and alcohol use before and during pregnancy were calculated for American Indian and white mothers and AORs were determined controlling for Hispanic status, marital status, age, education, and income.

Protein Supplementation During a 6-Month Concurrent Training Program: Effect on Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Sedentary Individuals.

We examined the effect of a protein supplement on muscular strength and body composition during 6 months of a 5 days/week concurrent strength and endurance training program. Sedentary males (n = 26) and females (n = 25), 18-25 years, were randomly assigned to receive a protein (PRO, 42 g/serving) or carbohydrate (CON) supplement twice daily. Strength and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline, 3 (3M), and 6 (6M) months.

Longitudinal Growth and pQCT Measures in Hutterite Children and Grandchildren Are Associated With Prevalence of Hip or Knee Replacement Resulting From Osteoarthritis in Parents and Grandparents.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. Several genes are associated with the development of OA, and previous studies have shown adult children of individuals with OA have higher areal bone mineral density (BMD). Because childhood is an important period of growth and bone development, and body composition is known to be associated with BMD, we speculated that there may be differences in growth and bone measures among young children with a genetic predisposition to OA.

Sports Participation in High School and College Leads to High Bone Density and Greater Rates of Bone Loss in Young Men: Results from a Population-Based Study.

Estimated lifetime risk of an osteoporotic fracture in men over the age of 50 years is substantial and lifestyle factors such as physical activity may explain variation in bone mass and bone loss associated with aging. Men (n = 253) aged 20-66 years were followed for 7.5 years and factors that influence changes in means and rates of change in bone mass, density, and size using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) were investigated; in particular, seasons of sports participation during high school and college.

Increased Activity in Unstructured Versus Structured Gym Time in an After-School Program.

Background: More than 10 million American youth engage in after-school programs that provide an opportunity to increase physical activity. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that children in unstructured gym time (free) would have greater activity than both structured gym time (structured) and when increased screen time was available.

Methods: Three interventions were compared in a nested design, with each two-week intervention preceded and followed by a two-week control period.

Changes in body composition and bone of female collegiate soccer players through the competitive season and off-season.

Objectives: To assess body composition and bone changes pre- to post-season (pre-post) and post- to off-season (post-off) in female soccer athletes (SC).

Methods: Outcomes were assessed using DXA and pQCT in 23 SC and 17 controls at three times throughout season.

Results: SC, non-starters in particular, lost lean mass pre-post (-0.

Response to an Online Version of a PRAMS-like Survey in South Dakota.

Objectives Increasing response rates for research surveys is challenging, especially in minority populations. A unique minority group in South Dakota is the American Indian (AI) representing about 9 % of the state's population and 15 % of the births. The purpose of this study was to determine race differences among White, AI, and Other Races (OR) in contact, participation, and response rates in the South Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (SDPRAMS).

State-Level Immunization Information Systems: Potential for Childhood Immunization Data Linkages.

Objectives Sources of immunization data include state registries or immunization information systems (IIS), medical records, and surveys. Little is known about the quality of these data sources or the feasibility of using IIS data for research. We assessed the feasibility of collecting immunization information for a national children's health study by accessing existing IIS data and comparing the completeness of these data against medical record abstractions (MRA) and parent report.

High Prevalence of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Farming and Nonfarming Populations in South Dakota: Associations With Parathyroid Hormone, Body Fat, and Bone Density.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of lifestyle (farming vs nonfarming), age, season, and percent body fat on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Serum 25-OHD concentrations were lower in winter than in summer and in older than in younger individuals. Dietary intake of vitamin D was associated with greater serum 25-OHD concentrations.

Impact of dietary resistant starch type 4 on human gut microbiota and immunometabolic functions.

Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota impacts human health. Here we investigated the hitherto unknown effects of resistant starch type 4 (RS4) enriched diet on gut microbiota composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in parallel with host immunometabolic functions in twenty individuals with signs of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Cholesterols, fasting glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, and proinflammatory markers in the blood as well as waist circumference and % body fat were lower post intervention in the RS4 group compared with the control group.