[Development of chronic venous disease].

Introduction: Chronic venous disease is known to gradually worsen in the course of years. However, little clinical data is available. The patient group and methods: We used the set of our patients with completed clinical examination, duplex sonography and photoplethysmography and selected 160 patients examined at our office after 10 and more years.

Experimental comparison of DSB and CS-DSB mmW formats over a hybrid fiber and FSO fronthaul network for 5G.

The telecommunication world is experiencing the 5th generation (5G) networks deployment including the use of millimeter wave (mmW) frequency bands to satisfy capacity demands. This leads to the extensive use of optical communications, especially the optical fiber connectivity at the last mile access and the edge networks. In this paper we outline fiber and free space optics (FSO) technologies for use as part of the 5G optical fronthaul network.

Experimental demonstration of a microwave photonic link using an optically phased antenna array for a millimeter wave band.

We present a hybrid radiofrequency and microwave photonic link at 25 GHz using the chromatic dispersion of an optical fiber to steer the beam of a three-element planar dipole-based phased antenna array (PAA). Our team has designed and developed an in-house built PAA, experimentally verified its parameters, and successfully demonstrated optically controlled beam steering as measured in an anechoic chamber. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the optically based beam steering in the proposed microwave photonics system has been carried out, with data transmission achieving an error vector magnitude as low as 5.

M-QAM transmission over hybrid microwave photonic links at the K-band.

Two experimental configurations of a hybrid K-band (25 GHz) microwave photonic link (MPL) are investigated for seamless broadband wireless access networks. Experimental configurations consist of optical fiber, free-space optics (FSO) and radio frequency (RF) wireless channels. We analyze in detail the effects of channel impairments, namely fiber chromatic dispersion, atmospheric turbulence and multipath-induced fading on the transmission performance.

[Does the time from symptoms onset to treatment impact further development of vein thrombosis in the leg?].

Introduction: It is unknown how many days pass from the symptom onset to anticoagulation therapy of vein thrombosis (VT) in the leg in our country and whether this time has an impact on further development of the disease.

Methods: Among patients treated at our department in recent years for deep vein thrombosis in the leg, we selected 50 patients with the required data available. In each case the diagnosis was confirmed by duplex sonography.

24-26 GHz radio-over-fiber and free-space optics for fifth-generation systems.

This Letter outlines radio-over-fiber combined with radio-over-free-space optics (RoFSO) and radio frequency free-space transmission, which is of particular relevance for fifth-generation networks. Here, the frequency band of 24-26 GHz is adopted to demonstrate a low-cost, compact, and high-energy-efficient solution based on the direct intensity modulation and direct detection scheme. For our proof-of-concept demonstration, we use 64 quadrature amplitude modulation with a 100 MHz bandwidth.

[Does body height affect the severity of chronic venous disease in lower extremities?].

Introduction: The effect of obesity on chronic venous disease has been known. The effect of body height has not been studied until now, although venous pressure is clearly influenced by hydrostatic pressure in the vertical position.

Methods: We have examined 1026 lower extremities in 124 men and 392 women with suspected chronic venous disease.

Popliteal vein compression with the limb extended.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the haemodynamic significance of popliteal vein compression by full knee extension.

Patients And Methods: We examined patients without a history of previous deep vein thrombosis with the knee slightly flexed and then fully extended. The popliteal vein diameters and venous pressures in 61 subjects (116 limbs) were examined using duplex ultrasonography and photoplethysmography.

[Social, economic and psychological issues as cardiovascular disease risk factors].

Unlabelled: The highest mortality in developed countries is, according to the data from our as well as international literature, among people from low socioeconomic backgrounds. No recent data are available for the Czech Republic. We compared the estimated median life expectancy in 2001-2005 with the proportion of people with basic education only and with the proportion of unemployed in all regions within the Czech Republic.

[Effects of air pollution on cardiovascular mortality].

Air pollution consists from a mixture of gases, fluids and solid particles. The highest attention receive the fine particulate matter (less than 10 microm in diameter), containing thousands of different substances and being able to penetrate the bronchial tree. The smaller particles (less than 2.

[Is the lower extremities amputation rate on decrease?].

In the past few years, rates of the lower extremity amputations for ischemia have been decreasing in some countries and many world regions. Surely, growing numbers of revascularization procedures contribute to the situation. In the Czech Republic, the amputation and large amputation rates are similar to those in the developed countries (45, resp.

Increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with pheochromocytoma in comparison to essential hypertension.

Catecholamines due to various mechanisms may contribute to the accumulation of collagen fibers and extracellular matrix in the arterial wall. The aim of this study was to compare intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and carotid bifurcation (CB) in patients with pheochromocytoma, essential hypertension and healthy controls. Carotid ultrasound studies were carried out in 30 patients with pheochromocytoma matched for age and gender with 80 patients with essential hypertension and 40 normotensive controls.

[At least 60 deaths could be avoided in this country every day!].

The number of people who die every day from cardiovascular and oncological diseases in this country is by at least 60 deaths higher than in neighbouring Austria or Germany. Data from most industrialized countries clearly show that the incidence of and morbidity related to the above diseases can be reduced by timely diagnosis and modern treatment, and especially by healthy life style. This can be achieved by health education and, first of all, by creating favourable conditions facilitating healthy behaviour.

[Mortality downtrend stopped during previous years].

In the nineties of the previous century the overall and cardiovascular mortality significantly decreased. It was probably caused by positive changes in the food habits. However, during the last five years the mortality decrease has stopped despite of the further progress of medical care.

The inverse association of elevated serum bilirubin levels with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

Background: Serum bilirubin is negatively associated with the development of coronary heart disease. In the present study, we have focused on the analysis of intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery in hyper- and normobilirubinemic subjects.

Methods: The study was performed on 111 men without manifested atherosclerosis.

[Recurrent peripheral arterial embolism from metastatic lung choriocarcinoma].

A case of patient with choriocarcinoma, most likely of ovarian origin, with lung metastasis is presented. The disease manifested by recurrent embolism into peripheral arteries. Publications on this topic are reviewed.

Recurrent peripheral arterial embolism from metastatic lung choriocarcinoma--a case report.

A patient with choriocarcinoma, most likely of ovarian origin, with lung metastasis is presented. The disease manifested itself by recurrent embolism into the peripheral arteries. Literature on this topic is reviewed.

The ankle-brachial blood pressure index as a risk indicator of generalized atherosclerosis.

Contemporary methods of assessment of possible cardiovascular disease based on traditional risk factors are not perfect. Therefore new ways are sought. Simple and inexpensive methods include assessment of the blood pressure on the lower extremities above the ankles.

[Indirect relation between intimo-medial thickness of the carotid artery and vasodilation of the popliteal artery].

Background: Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (IMT ACC) and flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery is considered an early marker of atherosclerosis. This study was undertaken to elucidate whether endothelial dysfunction in the popliteal artery, pronoun to atherosclerosis, is related to IMT ACC.

Methods And Results: Twenty-nine control subjects, 29 asymptomatic patients with hyperlipoproteinemia (without therapy) and 26 patients with coronary artery disease were examined.

[Administration of maximal or median doses of drugs in cardiovascular diseases?].

In recent years some specialists recommend to treat patients with cardiovascular diseases with maximal doses of drugs and refer to the results of extensive clinical studies. On critical evaluation of some it seems that the results are not interpreted accurately and that the highest doses of drugs (or combined treatment) do not produce better results than the use of smaller doses. This applies e.

Intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery is the significant predictor of angiographically proven coronary artery disease.

Background: Previous studies have shown a relationship between intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery and coronary artery disease (CAD). The role of IMT in the prediction of significant CAD has not been established.

Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of IMT measurement and the detection of carotid plaques in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in the prediction of significant CAD.

[Stenoses of the extracranial portion of the carotid].

Basic treatment of patients with carotid stenosis is a permanent complex treatment (lowering of risk factors of atherosclerosis, antiplatelets treatment and the potential use of the inhibitor of angiotensive converting enzyme). Symptomatic stenosis (over 85% in European classification of arteriography) are indicated for the surgery. In smaller stenoses (75-85%), only selected patients are indicated for such treatment.

[Dilatation of the popliteal artery in hyperemia and intimal-medial thickness of the carotid artery in hyperlipoproteinemia, ischemic heart disease and in healthy individuals].

Non-invasive measurement of the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery are increasingly used as surrogate markers of vascular disease. Using ultrasound, we measured the diameter of the popliteal artery at rest and during reactive hyperaemia after release of 5-minute arterial occlusion. We also measured IMT of the common carotid artery.