Cytotoxic and antibacterial depsidones from the endophytic fungus isolated from Thai rice.

Four new depsidones, mollicellins V-Y (-), together with eight known depsidones (-) were isolated from the endophytic fungus, detached from stems of Thai rice. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods. Mollicellins X, H, and F (, and ) showed potent cytotoxicity against the human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cell line, and mollicellin F () also showed a potent cytotoxicity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line.

Genome shuffling for phenotypic improvement of industrial strains through recursive protoplast fusion technology.

Strains' improvement technology plays an essential role in enhancing the quality of industrial strains. Several traditional methods and modern techniques have been used to further improve strain engineering programs. The advances stated in strain engineering and the increasing demand for microbial metabolites leads to the invention of the genome shuffling technique, which ensures a specific phenotype improvement through inducing mutation and recursive protoplast fusion.

New Pyrrolobenzoxazine Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives from the Fungus Talaromyces trachyspermus.

Three new pyrrolobenzoxazine sesquiterpenoids, talatrachyoxazines A - C (1:  - 3: ), together with fourteen known compounds (4:  - 17: ), were isolated from the fungus EU23. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic evidence and mass spectrometry. The absolute configurations of 1:  - 3: were determined by NOESY data and comparison of their calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra.

Meroterpenoid pyrones, alkaloid and bicyclic brasiliamide from the fungus Neosartorya hiratsukae.

Two new meroterpenoid pyrones, chevalone G (1) and aszonapyrone C (2), a new indole alkaloid, 7-chlorofischerindoline (3) and a new bicyclic brasiliamide, brasiliamide H (4), together with sixteen known compounds, 5-20 were isolated from the fungus Neosartorya hiratsukae. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The antibacterial activity and the cytotoxic activity of new compounds were evaluated.

Meroditerpene pyrone, tryptoquivaline and brasiliamide derivatives from the fungus Neosartorya pseudofischeri.

Two new meroditerpene pyrones, chevalone F (1) and 11-hydroxychevalone E (2), a new tryptoquivaline analog, tryptoquivaline V (3) and a new brasiliamide analog, brasiliamide G (4), together with thirteen known compounds, chevalones A-C (5-7), chevalone E (8), 11-hydroxychevalone C (9), pyripyropene A (10), isochaetominine C (11), pyrrolobenzoxazine terpenoids CJ-12662 (12) and CJ-12663 (13), fischerindoline (14), eurochevalierine (15), 1,4-diacetyl-2,5-dibenzylpiperazine-3,7''-oxide (16) and lecanorin (17) were isolated from the fungus Neosartorya pseudofischeri. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Compound 2 showed weak antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, whereas compounds 7, 12, 13 and 15 showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus.

Types A and D Trichothecene Mycotoxins from the Fungus Myrothecium roridum.

Chromatographic separation of extracts from the fungal biomass of a plant pathogenic fungus, , yielded 8 trichothecene toxins including 6 type D trichothecenes (1: -6: ) and 2 type A trichothecenes (7: -8: ). 6',12'-Epoxymyrotoxin A (1: ) and 7'-hydroxymytoxin B (2: ) were new macrocyclic trichothecenes, while the other trichothecenes were identified as myrotoxin B (3: ), myrotoxin D hydrate (4: ), 2',3'-epoxymyrothecine A (5: ), miotoxin A (6: ), and 2 trichothecenes lacking the macrocyclic lactone system, roridin L-2 (7: ) and trichoverritone (8: ). The structures of these mycotoxins were characterized using spectroscopic methods.

Bioactive xanthoquinodins and epipolythiodioxopiperazines from 7s-1, an endophytic fungus isolated from (Lour.) Mart.

A new xanthoquinodin B9 (), together with two known xanthoquinodins, xanthoquinodin A1 () and xanthoquinodin A3 (), three epipolythiodioxopiperazines, chetomin (), chaetocochin C () and dethio-tetra(methylthio)chetomin (), and four other compounds, chrysophanol (), emodin (), alatinone (), and ergosterol () were isolated from the endophytic fungus 7s-1, isolated from (Lour.) Mart. All isolated structures were established based on their spectroscopic data analyses.

A global view of Gyroporus: molecular phylogenetics, diversity patterns, and new species.

Gyroporus (Gyroporaceae, Boletales) is a highly diverse genus of poroid ectomycorrhizal mushrooms with a nearly worldwide distribution. Previous attempts to unravel the diversity within this genus proved difficult due to the presence of semicryptic species and ambiguous results from analysis of ribosomal RNA markers. In this study, we employ a combined morphotaxonomic and phylogenetic approach to delimit species and elucidate geographic and evolutionary patterns in Gyroporus.

A new stipitate species of Crepidotus from India and Thailand, with notes on other tropical species.

A new Asian species of Crepidotus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), C. asiaticus, is presented based on morphological and nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and large subunit (28S) sequence data.

A new xanthone from the fungus Apiospora montagnei.

A new xanthone derivative, methyl 8-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylxanthone-1-carboxylate (1), and seven known compounds, 8-hydroxy-3-methylxanthone-1-carboxylate (2), methyl 8-hydroxy-6-methylxanthone-1-carboxylate (3), ergosterol (4), cyathisterone (5), ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one (6), calvasterone (7) and 2-hexyl-3-methylmaleic anhydride (8) were first isolated from the fungus Apiospora montagnei. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, MS, 1D, and 2D NMR). Compounds 5 and 6 showed weak to very weak cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines, NCI-H187 and KB.

Mycotoxins from the Fungus Botryotrichum piluliferum.

Two new sterigmatocystin derivatives, oxisterigmatocystins E and F (1 and 2, respectively), along with nine known compounds, oxisterigmatocystins G and H (3 and 4, respectively), sterigmatocystin (5), N-0532B (6), O-methylsterigmatocystin (7), N-0532A (8), 6-O-methylversicolorin A (9), 6,8-O-dimethylversicolorin A (10), and 8-O-methylaverufin (11), were isolated from the fungus Botryotrichum piluliferum. The structures of these mycotoxins were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence. Among these, compounds 3, 4, and 9 were discovered as natural products for the first time.

A new lumazine peptide penilumamide E from the fungus Aspergillus terreus.

A new rare lumazine peptide, penilumamide E (1), together with 13 known compounds (2-14) were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus terreus. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic techniques. The relative configuration of 1 was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Bioactive depsidones from the fungus Pilobolus heterosporus.

A new aromatic ester, pilobolusate (1), four new depsidones, pilobolusones A-D (2-5), five known depsidones, (6-10), and ergosterol were isolated from the fungus Pilobolus heterosporus. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 2 and 4-9 showed cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines (KB, MCF-7, and NCI-H187) with IC50 values in the range of 9.

Triterpene lactones from cultures of Ganoderma sp. KM01.

A revised structure of colossolactone G (1), seven new triterpene lactones, ganodermalactones A-G (2-8), and five known triterpene lactones, colossolactone I (9), schisanlactone B (10), colossolactone B (11), colossolactone E (12), and colossolactone IV (13), and ergosterol have been isolated from cultured biomass of the macrofungi Ganoderma sp. KM01. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods.

Chemical constituents from the fungus Chaetomium cupreum RY202.

Two new angular types of azaphilones, isochromophilonol (1) and ochrephilonol (2), together with ten known compounds (3-12), were isolated from Chaetomium cupreum RY202. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic data and the absolute configurations of 1 and 3 were determined by the modified Mosher's method. Compounds 1, 2 and 4 showed moderated cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cell lines (IC50 9.

New Porcini (Boletus sect. Boletus) from Australia and Thailand.

Boletus albobrunnescens and B. austroedulis are described as new species in section Boletus from Thailand and Australia respectively. The former is easily characterized by the pure white basidiomata that stain brown.

A new benzyl ester and ergosterol derivatives from the fungus Gymnoascus reessii.

A new benzyl ester, reessiate (1), anthraquinone, islandicin (2), ergosterol and seven ergosterol derivatives (3-9) were isolated from the fungus Gymnoascus reessii. All structures were identified by spectroscopic methods. This is the first report of their isolation from this fungus.

Sutorius: a new genus for Boletus eximius.

Sutorius is described as a new genus of Boletaceae to accommodate Boletus robustus originally named illegitimately by C.C. Frost from eastern North America.

Cytotoxic lasiodiplodin derivatives from the fungus Syncephalastrum racemosum.

Chemical investigation of fungal biomass of the fungus Syncephalastrum racemosum led to the isolation of new natural products (3R),(5S)-5-hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (1), 6-oxode-O-methyllasiodiplodin (2), in addition to five known compounds, de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (3), lasiodiplodin (4), (3R),(5R)-5-hydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin (5), ergosterol (6), and ergosterol peroxide (7). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by a modified Mosher's method.

Cytotoxic and antimalarial azaphilones from Chaetomium longirostre.

Four new azaphilones named longirostrerones A-D (1-4) and three known sterols, ergosteryl palmitate, ergosterol, and ergosterol peroxide, have been isolated from ethyl acetate extract of the fungus Chaetomium longirostre. These structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR, IR, UV, MS, and CD spectroscopy. Compounds 1-4 exhibited strong cytotoxicity against KB cancer cell lines (IC(50) 0.

Cytotoxic pentacyclic and tetracyclic aromatic sesquiterpenes from Phomopsis archeri.

Three new sesquiterpenes, named phomoarcherins A-C (1-3), and four known compounds, kampanol A (4), R-mevalonolactone, ergosterol, and ergosterol peroxide, were isolated from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis archeri. These structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The structure and absolute configuration of 1 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its p-bromobenzoate derivative (1a).

Molecular phylogenetics of porcini mushrooms (Boletus section Boletus).

Porcini (Boletus section Boletus: Boletaceae: Boletineae: Boletales) are a conspicuous group of wild, edible mushrooms characterized by fleshy fruiting bodies with a poroid hymenophore that is "stuffed" with white hyphae when young. Their reported distribution is with ectomycorrhizal plants throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Little progress has been made on the systematics of this group using modern molecular phylogenetic tools because sampling has been limited primarily to European species and the genes employed were insufficient to resolve the phylogeny.

Cytotoxic 10-(indol-3-yl)-[13]cytochalasans from the fungus Chaetomium elatum ChE01.

Nine 10-(indol-3-yl)-[13]cytochalasans such as a new chaetoglobosin V (1); two new natural products, prochaetoglobosin III (2) and prochaetoglobosin III(ed) (3); six known chaetoglobosins B-D (4-6), F (7), and G (8) and isochaetoglobosin D (9) in addition to two known sterols, 24(R)-5alpha,8alpha-epidioxyergosta-6-22-diene-3beta-ol (10) and ergosterol (11), were isolated from the fungus Chaetomium elatum ChE01. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 1-9 showed cytotoxicity against the human breast cancer (IC(50) 2.

Antimalarial and cytotoxic depsidones from the fungus Chaetomium brasiliense.

Four new depsidones, mollicellins K-N (1-4), and six known depsidones, mollicellins B (5), C (6), E (7), F (8), H (9), and J (10), along with two known sterols were isolated from the fungus Chaetomium brasiliense. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data and chemical transformation. Among these isolates, 1-3, 5-7, and 10 exhibited antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum.

Prenylxanthones and a bicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-diene derivative from the fungus Emericella rugulosa.

Five new prenylxanthones, ruguloxanthones A-C (1-3), 14-methoxytajixanthone (4), and tajixanthone ethanoate (5), a new bicyclo[3.3.1]nona-2,6-diene derivative, rugulosone (6), and seven known compounds, shamixanthone, tajixanthone, 14-methoxytajixanthone-25-acetate, tajixanthone hydrate, tajixanthone methanoate, isoemericellin, and ergosterol, were isolated from the fungus Emericella rugulosa.