Evaluation of pediatric spinal ependymomas: A 25-year retrospective observational study.

This study aims to evaluate the clinical and radiological features, histopathological characteristics, treatment modalities, and their effectiveness, as well as long-term follow-up results of pediatric spinal ependymomas treated at a single institution. In this retrospective study, medical records of 14 pediatric patients (3 females and 11 males) who were surgically treated for spinal ependymoma in our institution between 1995 and 2020 were reviewed. Data regarding age, gender, presenting symptoms and signs, radiological findings, postoperative status, extent of resection, histopathological grading, recurrence, tumor growth, seeding, and adjuvant treatment were collected and analyzed.

Molecular Subgrouping Based on Immunohistochemistry in Medulloblastoma: A Single-Center Experience.

Aim: To investigate the efficacy of immunohistochemical methods to determine molecular subgroups and prognostic predictions of medulloblastomas (MBs).

Material And Methods: β-catenin, GAB1, YAP1, filamin A and p53 were immunohistochemically stained, and MYC and MYCN fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) procedures were applied to 218 cases in our series.

Results: Based on the histomorphological characteristics of the cases, 67.

Reliability assessment of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase immunohistochemistry as a surrogate biomarker for CDKN2A homozygous deletion in adult-type IDH-mutant diffuse gliomas.

According to the 2021 World Health Organization classification of brain tumors, astrocytomas containing a CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion (HD) are designated as grade 4 even when no microvascular proliferation and/or necrosis is present. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between CDKN2A HD and loss of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) expression in adult-type IDH-mutant gliomas and to assess the sensitivity and specificity of MTAP immunohistochemistry (IHC) along with interobserver agreement as a surrogate biomarker for CDKN2A HD. Eighty-eight astrocytomas and 71 oligodendrogliomas cases that were diagnosed between 2014 and 2021 at Hacettepe University were selected and tissue microarrays were conducted to perform CDKN2A fluorescence in situ hybridization and MTAP IHC.

Extracellular-Vesicle-Based Cancer Panels Diagnose Glioblastomas with High Sensitivity and Specificity.

Glioblastoma is one of the most devastating neoplasms of the central nervous system. This study focused on the development of serum extracellular vesicle (EV)-based glioblastoma tumor marker panels that can be used in a clinic to diagnose glioblastomas and to monitor tumor burden, progression, and regression in response to treatment. RNA sequencing studies were performed using RNA isolated from serum EVs from both patients ( = 85) and control donors ( = 31).

Cortical spreading depolarization-induced constriction of penetrating arteries can cause watershed ischemia: A potential mechanism for white matter lesions.

Periventricular white matter lesions (WMLs) are common MRI findings in migraine with aura (MA). Although hemodynamic disadvantages of vascular supply to this region create vulnerability, the pathophysiological mechanisms causing WMLs are unclear. We hypothesize that prolonged oligemia, a consequence of cortical spreading depolarization (CSD) underlying migraine aura, may lead to ischemia/hypoxia at hemodynamically vulnerable watershed zones fed by long penetrating arteries (PAs).

IgG4-related pachymeningitis-Long term follow up and outcome of six patients.

Objective: Our understanding of IgG4-RD and pachymeningitis has grown substantially, but the optimal approach for diagnosis, management, and long-term outcomes is still an area of uncertainty.

Methods: HUVAC is a database for IgG4-RD patients, this database was retrospectively evaluated for pachymeningeal disease. Demographic, clinical, serological, imaging, histopathological data, and treatment details were re-interpreted in patients with pachymeningitis.

Towards Development of a Standard Terminology of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System in the Turkish Language, and a Perspective on the Practical Implications of the WHO Classification for Low and Middle Income Countries.

In our manuscript, we propose a common terminology in the Turkish language for the newly adopted WHO classification of the CNS tumors, also known as the WHO CNS 5th edition. We also comment on the applicability of this new scheme in low and middle income countries, and warn about further deepening disparities between the global north and the global south. This division, augmented by the recent COVID-19 pandemic, threatens our ability to coordinate efforts worldwide and may create significant disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of cancers between the "haves" and the "have nots".

Does Gross Total Resection Improve Progression-Free and Overall Survival in Pediatric Intracranial Ependymomas? Single-Center Clinical Experience Of 61 Cases.

Objective: To share our clinical experience of 25 years and identify prognostic factors for progression-free and overall survival in pediatric intracranial ependymomas.

Methods: In total, 61 children who were treated between 1995 and 2020 in a single institution were included in the study. Medical records of the patients were retrospectively reviewed to obtain and analyze the following data: patient age at first surgery, sex, presenting symptoms, hydrocephalus and any invasive treatment, anatomic site, extent of resection, pathologic grade, time to progression, and time to death.

Evaluation of HSP-27, BAP1, BRAF V600E, CCR7, and PD-L1 expression in uveal melanoma on enucleated eyes and metastatic liver tumors.

Background: The presence of metastatic disease is one of the most important factors limiting survival in patients with uveal melanoma. Studies on proteins associated with metastatic mechanisms are sparse in the literature.

Methods: Enucleation samples from 15 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (Group 1), liver metastasectomy samples from 8 patients with metastatic uveal melanoma (Group 2), and enucleation samples from 20 patients with non-metastatic uveal melanoma as controls (Group 3) were included in the study.

Discrimination between non-functioning pituitary adenomas and hypophysitis using machine learning methods based on magnetic resonance imaging‑derived texture features.

Purpose: Hypophysitis is a heterogeneous condition that includes inflammation of the pituitary gland and infundibulum, and it can cause symptoms related to mass effects and hormonal deficiencies. We aimed to evaluate the potential role of machine learning methods in differentiating hypophysitis from non-functioning pituitary adenomas.

Methods: The radiomic parameters obtained from T1A-C images were used.

Lesional resective epilepsy surgery in childhood: Comparison of two decades and long-term seizure outcome from a single center.

Objective: Epilepsy surgery has shown efficacy in children. We aimed to assess long-term seizure outcome in children who underwent epilepsy surgery and determine predictive factors for seizure freedom.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of 196 children who underwent epilepsy surgery between 1994 and 2015 and had a minimum postoperative follow-up of 5 years.

Primary spinal multifocal intradural-extramedullary Ewing sarcoma in children: presentation of a case and review of the literature.

Background: Primary spinal, intradural, extramedullary Ewing sarcoma (PSIEES) is exceptionally uncommon. Here, we present an interesting pediatric case with a PSIEES diagnosis confirmed by the presence of a specific fusion protein in the tumor tissue and who then developed a cerebellar recurrence. We also reviewed the PSIEES cases in childhood reported in the literature.

Isolated spinal cord granulomatous angiitis: a case report and review of the literature.

Introduction: Isolated spinal cord angiitis (ISCA) is very rare disease. But, it is frequently encountered in the differential diagnosis of atypical spinal cord syndromes.

Case Presentation And Review Of The Literature: We present a 31-year-old male who presented with progressive paraparesis, and diagnosed with pathologically confirmed ISCA.

Tailored Therapeutic Doses of Dexmedetomidine in Evolving Neuroinflammation after Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background: Understanding the secondary damage mechanisms of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is essential for developing new therapeutic approaches. Neuroinflammation has a pivotal role in secondary brain injury after TBI. Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome complexes results in the secretion of proinflammatory mediators and, in addition, later in the response, microglial activation and migration of the peripheral immune cells into the injured brain are observed.

Distinct DNA Methylation Patterns of Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytomas in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a monogenic disorder caused by mutations in either the TSC1 or TSC2 gene, two key regulators of the mechanistic target of the rapamycin complex pathway. Phenotypically, this leads to growth and formation of hamartomas in several organs, including the brain. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas (SEGAs) are low-grade brain tumors commonly associated with TSC.

Reduced myelin in patients with isolated hippocampal sclerosis as assessed by SyMRI.

Purpose: Synthetic MRI (SyMRI) enables to quantify brain tissue and morphometry. We aimed to investigate the WM and myelin alterations in patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (HS) with SyMRI.

Methods: Adult patients with isolated unilateral HS and age-matched control subjects (CSs) were included in this study.

Poorly differentiated chordoma showing loss of SMARCB1/INI1: Clinicopathological and radiological spectrum of nine cases, including uncommon features of a relatively under-recognized entity.

Poorly differentiated chordoma is a newly recognized entity in the recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone. Slightly over 60 such cases have been documented. Herein, we present a clinicopathological profile, including radiological features, of nine cases, which occurred in five males and four females, with age varying from 1 to 29 years (median = 43), in the cervical spine (n = 2), skull base (n = 2), clivus (n = 2), thoracic spine (n = 1) lumbar spine (n = 1) and coccyx (n = 1) Average tumor size was 4.

Spheroidal Degeneration in Two Siblings: Clinical and Histopathological Features.

Spheroidal corneal degeneration is predominantly seen in advanced age and hereditary predisposition to this disorder is very rare. This report describes the occurrence of bilateral band-shaped spheroidal corneal degeneration in two siblings.

Does Combined Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy and Immunotherapy Change the Outcome of Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas?

Background Radiotherapy (RT) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has yielded good responses in many cancers. We aimed to report the results of combined fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT) and ICI in patients with recurrent high-grade glioma. Methodology Patients were treated with FSRT and nivolumab which were continued until progression or toxicity.

The Past, Present, and Future Statuses of Formerly Classified "Atypical Pituitary Adenomas": A Clinicopathological Assessment of 101 Cases in a Cohort of More than 1,000 Pure Endoscopically Treated Patients in Single Center.

 This study was aimed to assess the clinical aggressiveness of pituitary neoplasms that were previously defined as atypical adenomas.  A total of 1,042 pituitary adenomas were included in the study and 101 of them were diagnosed as atypical adenoma. Demographic characteristics, radiological evaluations, and clinical information were obtained from a computer-based patient database.

One Disease with two Faces: Semidominant Inheritance of a Novel HTRA1 Mutation in a Consanguineous Family.

Objectives: To identify the underlying genetic defect for a consanguineous family with an unusually high number of members affected by cerebral small vessel disease.

Materials And Methods: A total of 6 individuals, of whom 3 are severely affected, from the family were clinically and radiologically evaluated. SNP genotyping was performed in multiple members to demonstrate genome-wide runs-of-homozygosity.

Periocular apocrine adenocarcinoma presenting as an orbital mass: clinicopathological features and management in four patients.

Purpose: Apocrine adenocarcinoma is a cutaneous adnexal malignancy which can rarely arise from ocular structures. In this retrospective study, we report our experience with four patients who had primary periocular apocrine adenocarcinoma initially presenting with an orbital tumor.

Methods: Data extracted included demographics, clinical, imaging, and histopathological features, and treatment outcomes.

Toward a better definition of focal cortical dysplasia: An iterative histopathological and genetic agreement trial.

Objective: Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is a major cause of difficult-to-treat epilepsy in children and young adults, and the diagnosis is currently based on microscopic review of surgical brain tissue using the International League Against Epilepsy classification scheme of 2011. We developed an iterative histopathological agreement trial with genetic testing to identify areas of diagnostic challenges in this widely used classification scheme.

Methods: Four web-based digital pathology trials were completed by 20 neuropathologists from 15 countries using a consecutive series of 196 surgical tissue blocks obtained from 22 epilepsy patients at a single center.