Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common occurrence in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), occurring in approximately 40% of cases. DM is also an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), but CKD is an important mediator of this risk. Multiple CVD outcomes trials have revealed a greater risk for CVD events in patients with diabetes with CKD versus those without.

Serum and Urine Osmolality as Predictors of Adequate Diuresis in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Background: Determination of adequacy of decongestion remains a significant challenge in the management of acute heart failure (AHF).

Methods: This is a prospective single center cohort study of patients (>18 years old) admitted for AHF on intravenous diuretics, with BNP >100 pg/mL or echocardiographic findings of reduced ejection fraction or diastolic dysfunction, and at least 1 clinical sign of volume overload. Patients with eGFR ≤45 mL/min or on dialysis, and with exposure to contrast dye or nephrotoxins were excluded.

Hypertension and COVID-19: Updates from the era of vaccines and variants.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Older age, and the presence of certain components of metabolic syndrome, including hypertension have been associated with increased risk for severe disease and death in COVID-19 patients. The role of antihypertensive agents in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been extensively studied since the onset of the pandemic.

Attenuation of Hemodynamic Responses to Endotracheal Extubation with Different Doses of Diltiazem with Lignocaine: A Placebo-Controlled Study.

Introduction: Endotracheal extubation causes transient hemodynamic stimulation leading to increase in blood pressure and heart rate (HR) due to increase in sympathoadrenergic activity caused by epipharyngeal and laryngopharyngeal stimulation. Lignocaine, a sodium channel blocker, attenuates the hemodynamic response to tracheal extubation by inhibiting sodium channels in the neuronal cell membrane, decreasing the sensitivity of the heart muscles to electric impulses. Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, attenuates hemodynamic response by blocking voltage-sensitive L type channels and inhibiting calcium entry-mediated action potential in smooth and cardiac muscle.