Description of potential vectors of zoonotic filarial nematodes, , , and in Thai mosquitoes.

Filariasis is classified as a vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by several filarial nematodes. The disease is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Understanding the relationship between mosquito vectors, filarial parasites, and vertebrate hosts is therefore essential for determining the probability of disease transmission and, correspondingly, developing effective strategies for prevention and control of diseases.

Significance of eggshell morphology as an additional tool to distinguish species of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae).

Morphological characteristics of eggshells are important in sand fly ootaxonomy. In this study, eggshells from Phlebotomus stantoni Newstead, Sergentomyia khawi (Raynal), and Grassomyia indica (Theodor) sand flies collected in Chiang Mai province, Thailand were examined and characterized using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, eggshell morphology of these three species was described for the first time.

Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as potential vectors for Leishmania martiniquensis and Trypanosoma sp. in northern Thailand.

Biting midges of genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of several pathogenic arboviruses and parasites of humans and animals. Several reports have suggested that biting midges might be a potential vector of Leishmania parasites. In this study, we screened for Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in biting midges collected from near the home of a leishmaniasis patient in Lamphun province, northern Thailand by using UV-CDC light traps.

Genetic characterization of chikungunya virus isolates from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected during a recent outbreak in Bangkok, Thailand.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne emerging pathogen that is transmitted to humans through the bite of female Aedes mosquitoes. CHIKV infection has become a major public health concern worldwide, as it has a significant impact on the healthcare system. Since 2004, the virus has emerged in Africa and subsequently spread to countries located near the Indian Ocean, including India, and to Europe, the Americas, and Asia.

Molecular detection of Indian Ocean Lineage Chikungunya virus RNA in field collected Culex quinquefasciatus Say from Bangkok, Thailand but no evidence of virus replication.

Following an outbreak of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections in Thailand in 2019, numerous cases of CHIKV infection have been diagnosed in Bangkok, the capital of the country. In our previous investigation of the vectors for disease transmission, we found natural infection of CHIKV in both male and female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected from the outbreak areas in Bangkok. Some reports mentioned the detection of CHIKV in Culex mosquitoes.

Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus in Field-Caught Mosquitoes Collected during the Recent Outbreaks in 2019, Thailand.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus . The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female mosquitoes, primarily . CHIKV infection is spreading worldwide, and it periodically sparks new outbreaks.

Detection of and DNA in Field-Caught Sand Flies from Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Leishmaniasis in Southern Thailand.

Phlebotomine sand flies are tiny, hairy, blood-sucking nematoceran insects that feed on a wide range of hosts. They are known as a principal vector of parasites, responsible for human and animal leishmaniasis worldwide. In Thailand, human autochthonous leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis have been reported.

Protein expression in female salivary glands of pyrethroid-susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

Background: A group of insecticides called pyrethroids has been used extensively worldwide and development of pyrethroid resistance within mosquito populations, especially in Aedes aegypti, has rapidly spread through populations. In this study, SDS-PAGE, 2-DE coupled with NanoLC-MS, and bioinformatics were used to analyze the female salivary gland proteins of pyrethroid-susceptible (PMD) and pyrethroid-resistant (PMD-R and UPK-R) strains of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes for the first time.

Didilia sp. infecting Phlebotomus stantoni in Thailand.

Nematode infection in wild caught Phlebotomine sand flies was investigated in Thailand. Light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to detect and morphologically characterize entomopathogenic nematodes that presented in the sand flies. Didilia sp.

Species composition and population dynamics of phlebotomine sand flies in a Leishmania infected area of Chiang Mai, Thailand.

Phlebotomine sand flies are established vectors of leishmaniasis in humans. In Thailand, Leishmania martiniquensis and "Leishmania siamensis" have been described as causative agents of leishmaniasis. In this study, a survey of sand flies in the Leishmania infected area of Hang Dong district, Chiang Mai, Thailand was performed using CDC light traps for eight consecutive months, from January to August 2016.

Salivary Gland Proteome during Adult Development and after Blood Feeding of Female Anopheles dissidens Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Understanding changes in mosquito salivary proteins during the time that sporozoite maturation occurs and after blood feeding may give information regarding the roles of salivary proteins during the malarial transmission. Anopheles dissidens (formerly Anopheles barbirostris species A1) is a potential vector of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. In this study, analyses of the proteomic profiles of female An.

MIDGUT ULTRASTRUCTURE OF FOURTH INSTAR OCHLEROTATUS TOGOI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE).

The ultrastructure of the midgut of fourth instar Ochlerotatus togoi was investigated by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This study was performed to provide information to help devise future control efforts aimed at the larval stages of this vector of filariasis. The fourth instar midgut was approximately 2 mm in length and consisted of three morphologically distinct cell types: epithelial, regenerative, and endocrine cells.

Morphological and protein analyses of adult female salivary glands of Anopheles barbirostris species A1 (Diptera: Culicidae).

Morphology and protein profiles of female salivary glands of Anopheles barbirostris species A1 were analyzed. Female glands consisted of a distinctive tri-lobed structure connected to a main salivary canal, a single medial and two lateral lobes with proximal and distal portions. Cellular architecture was similar among the lobes, with secretory material appearing as large masses.

Cytogenetic, crossing and molecular evidence of two cytological forms of Anopheles argyropus and three cytological forms of Anopheles pursati (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand.

Nine and 11 isolines of Anopheles argyropus and Anopheles pursati, respectively, were established from individual females collected from cow-baited traps, and the characteristics of metaphase chromosomes were investigated in their F1-progenies. As determined by the different amounts of extra heterochromatin on sex chromosomes, 2 types of X (X1, X2) and Y (Y1,Y2), and 2 types of X (X1, X2) and 3 types of Y (Y1, Y2, Y3) chromosomes were obtained from An. argyropus and An.

Exsheathment and midgut invasion of nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi microfilariae in a refractory vector, Aedes aegypti (Thailand strain).

Exsheathment and midgut invasion of nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi microfilariae were analyzed using light and scanning electron microscopy in a refractory vector, Aedes aegypti (Thailand strain). Results showed that exsheathed microfilariae represented only approximately 1% of the total microfilaria midguts dissected at 5-min post-infected blood meal (PIBM). The percentage of exsheathed microfilariae found in midguts progressively increased to about 20, 60, 80, 90, and 100% at 1-, 2-5-, 6-12-, 18-36-, and 48-h PIBM, respectively.

Identification of salivary gland proteins depleted after blood feeding in the malaria vector Anopheles campestris-like mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Malaria sporozoites must invade the salivary glands of mosquitoes for maturation before transmission to vertebrate hosts. The duration of the sporogonic cycle within the mosquitoes ranges from 10 to 21 days depending on the parasite species and temperature. During blood feeding salivary gland proteins are injected into the vertebrate host, along with malaria sporozoites in the case of an infected mosquito.

DNA barcoding for the identification of eight species members of the Thai Hyrcanus Group and investigation of their stenogamous behavior.

Eight species members of the Thai Hyrcanus Group were identified based on the intact morphology and molecular analysis (COI barcoding, 658 bp) of F1-progenies. Five iso-female lines of each species were pooled in order to establish stock colonies. A stenogamous colony of each species was investigated by making 200 and 300 newly emerged adult females and males co-habit in a 30 cm cubic cage for one week.

Peritrophic matrix formation and Brugia malayi microfilaria invasion of the midgut of a susceptible vector, Ochlerotatus togoi (Diptera: Culicidae).

The mosquito midgut is the first site that vector-borne pathogens contact during their multiplication, differentiation, or migration from blood meal to other tissues before transmission. After blood feeding, the mosquitoes synthesize a chitinous structure called peritrophic matrix (PM) that envelops the blood meal and separates the food bolus from the midgut epithelium. In this study, a systematic investigation of the PM formation and the interaction of Brugia malayi within the midgut of a susceptible vector, Ochlerotatus togoi, were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Salivary gland proteome of the human malaria vector, Anopheles campestris-like (Diptera: Culicidae).

Anopheles campestris-like is proven to be a high-potential vector of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand. In this study, A. campestris-like salivary gland proteins were determined and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Proteomic analysis of salivary glands of female Anopheles barbirostris species A2 (Diptera: Culicidae) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.

Salivary gland proteins of adult female Anopheles barbirostris species A2, a potential vector of Plasmodium vivax in Thailand, were analyzed using a proteomic approach (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by nanoLC-MS). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed approximately 75 well-resolved spots on the reference gel. Most of the protein spots displayed relative molecular masses from 14 to 85 kDa and isoelectric points ranging from 3.