PCK1 and SLC22A2 gene variants associated with response to metformin treatment in type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disorder affecting 462 million worldwide, often managed with metformin as first-line treatment. However, metformin's response varies among individuals, including up to 30% experiencing serious adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and 20-50% inefficacy. These differences may be due to various factors, including pharmacogenetic (PGx) variants.