Reconstruction of head impacts in FIS World Cup alpine skiing.

Introduction: Prior to the 2013/2014 season, the International Ski Federation (FIS) increased the helmet testing speed from 5.4 to 6.8 m/s for alpine downhill, super-G and giant slalom.

Head injury mechanisms in FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders.

Introduction: Head injuries represent a concern in skiing and snowboarding, with traumatic brain injuries being the most common cause of death.

Aim: To describe the mechanisms of head and face injuries among World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders.

Methods: We performed a qualitative analysis of videos obtained of head and face injuries reported through the International Ski Federation Injury Surveillance System during 10 World Cup seasons (2006-2016).