Outcomes and complications of simple layered closure of persistent tracheocutaneous fistula after tracheostomy in childhood.

Background: Up to half of all children who have a tracheostomy will develop a persistent tracheo-cutaneous fistula (TCF) after decannulation. Surgical closure of the TCF is technically easy but post-operative complications can be immediate and life-threatening. These include air leak from the tracheal repair leading to massive surgical emphysema or pneumothorax.

The effect of exercise on cytokines: implications for musculoskeletal health: a narrative review.

The physiological effects of physical exercise are ubiquitously reported as beneficial to the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems. Exercise is widely promoted by medical professionals to aid both physical and emotional wellbeing; however, mechanisms through which this is achieved are less well understood. Despite numerous beneficial attributes, certain types of exercise can inflict significant significant physiological stress.