Neuron-oligodendrocyte potassium shuttling at nodes of Ranvier protects against inflammatory demyelination.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS. Increasing evidence suggests that vulnerable neurons in MS exhibit fatal metabolic exhaustion over time, a phenomenon hypothesized to be caused by chronic hyperexcitability. Axonal Kv7 (outward-rectifying) and oligodendroglial Kir4.

Cross-regional homeostatic and reactive glial signatures in multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal and progressive inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the compartmentalized pathology of the disease affecting various anatomical regions including gray and white matter and lack of appropriate disease models impede understanding of the disease. Utilizing single-nucleus RNA-sequencing and multiplex spatial RNA mapping, we generated an integrated transcriptomic map comprising leukocortical, cerebellar and spinal cord areas in normal and MS tissues that captures regional subtype diversity of various cell types with an emphasis on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

Limited antimicrobial efficacy of oral care antiseptics in microcosm biofilms and phenotypic adaptation of bacteria upon repeated exposure.

Objectives: The aims of this study were to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of antiseptics in saliva-derived microcosm biofilms, and to examine phenotypic adaption of bacteria upon repeated exposure to sub-inhibitory antiseptic concentrations.

Methods: Saliva-derived biofilms were formed mimicking caries- or gingivitis-associated conditions, respectively. Microbial compositions were analyzed by semiconductor-based 16S rRNA sequencing.

Metagenome Sequences of a Wastewater Treatment Plant Digester Sludge-Derived Enrichment Culture.

We sequenced the metagenome of a microbial community enriched under strictly anaerobic conditions from wastewater treatment plant-derived digester sludge. The metagenomic analysis of the enrichment revealed that and methanogenic archaea belonged to the dominant prokaryotes, and genes encoding components of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway were identified.

Directed Zincation with TMPZnCl·LiCl and Further Functionalization of the Tropolone Scaffold.

The directed zincation of tropolone derivatives was achieved using TMPZnCl·LiCl. Various functionalizations of the zincated intermediates by halogenation, acylation, allylation, and Negishi cross-coupling were successfully performed. Additionally, 1,8-conjugate addition-elimination reactions with a variety of arylmagnesium and secondary alkylzinc reagents were carried out to further elaborate the tropolone core.