Pollen carryover, pollinator movement, and spatial context impact the delivery of pollination services in apple orchards.

Assessing the relative contributions of different pollinator taxa to pollination services is a central task in both basic eco-evolutionary research and applied conservation and agriculture. To that end, many studies have quantified single-visit pollen deposition and visitation frequency, which together determine a pollinator species' rate of conspecific pollen delivery. However, for plant species that require or benefit from outcrossing, pollination service quality further depends upon the ratio of outcross to self-pollen deposited, which is determined by two additional pollinator traits: pollen carryover and movement patterns among genetically compatible plant individuals.

Placobdella akahkway n. sp. (Clitellata: Hirudinea: Glossiphoniidae), a new leech species from central Canada.

The leech genus Placobdella harbours 24 currently-recognized species, and only a handful of new species has been described in the past decade. Placobdella akahkway n. sp.