Pulsed transistor operation enables miniaturization of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors.

By simultaneously transducing and amplifying, transistors offer advantages over simpler, electrode-based transducers in electrochemical biosensors. However, transistor-based biosensors typically use static (i.e.

Characterization of Puncture Forces of the Human Trachea and Cricothyroid Membrane.

Accurate human tissue biomechanical data represents a critical knowledge gap that will help facilitate the advancement of new medical devices, patient-specific predictive models, and training simulators. Tissues related to the human airway are a top priority, as airway medical procedures are common and critical. Placement of a surgical airway, though less common, is often done in an emergent (cricothyrotomy) or urgent (tracheotomy) fashion.

Monolithic 3D printing of embeddable and highly stretchable strain sensors using conductive ionogels.

Medical training simulations that utilize 3D-printed, patient-specific tissue models improve practitioner and patient understanding of individualized procedures and capacitate pre-operative, patient-specific rehearsals. The impact of these novel constructs in medical training and pre-procedure rehearsals has been limited, however, by the lack of effectively embedded sensors that detect the location, direction, and amplitude of strains applied by the practitioner on the simulated structures. The monolithic fabrication of strain sensors embedded into lifelike tissue models with customizable orientation and placement could address this limitation.