Surveying neurologist perspectives and knowledge of epilepsy surgery to identify barriers to surgery referral.

Objective: Epilepsy surgery is an effective means of treating medically refractory epilepsy (MRE), but it remains underused. We aimed to analyze the perspectives and knowledge of referring neurologists in the New York metropolitan area, who serve a large epilepsy population.

Methods: We adapted a previous Canadian survey by Roberts et al.

Readability and content gaps in online epilepsy surgery materials as potential health literacy and shared-decision-making barriers.

Objective: Epilepsy surgery is an effective albeit underused treatment for refractory epilepsy, and online materials are vital to patient understanding of the complex process. Our goal is to analyze the readability and content inclusion of online patient health education materials designed for epilepsy surgery.

Methods: A private browser setting was used on Google and Bing to identify the top 100 search results for the terms "epilepsy+surgery".

Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by ILT3.Fc.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the CNS that is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis, and inflammation. The murine model of MS is the experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE) induced by immunization of mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) Ig-like transcript 3 (ILT3) is an inhibitory cell surface receptor expressed by tolerogenic human dendritic cells. In this study, we show that the recombinant human ILT3.

Molecular and Cellular Characterization of Human CD8 T Suppressor Cells.

Bidirectional interactions between dendritic cells and Ag-experienced T cells initiate either a tolerogenic or immunogenic pathway. The outcome of these interactions is of crucial importance in malignancy, transplantation, and autoimmune diseases. Blockade of costimulation results in the induction of T helper cell anergy and subsequent differentiation of antigen-specific CD8 T suppressor/regulatory cells (Ts).

ILT3.Fc inhibits the production of exosomes containing inflammatory microRNA in supernatants of alloactivated T cells.

Immune activation needs to be tightly regulated to control immune-mediated tissue damage. Inhibitory pathways serve to terminate an immune response and resolve inflammation. Persistent exposure to antigens can drive development of adaptive regulatory cells.

Allospecific CD8 T suppressor cells induced by multiple MLC stimulation or priming in the presence of ILT3.Fc have similar gene expression profiles.

Alloantigen specific CD8 T suppressor cells can be generated in vitro either by multiple stimulations of CD3 T cells with allogeneic APC or by single stimulation in primary MLC containing recombinant ILT3.Fc protein. The aim of the present study was to determine whether multiple MLC stimulation induced in CD8(+) CD28(-) T suppressor cells molecular changes that are similar to those observed in CD8 T suppressor cells from primary MLC containing ILT3.