Background: Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a fundamental basic-leucine zipper transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in numerous stress responses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the integrated stress response. ATF4 regulates adaptive gene expression, thereby triggering stress resistance in cells.
Methods: To characterize the metabolic status of larvae, we conducted both metabolomic and microarray analyses.