Publications by authors named "Soon-Il An"

The loss of ecosystem carbon (the sum of vegetation, litter, and soil carbon) may occur in a permafrost region under mitigation pathways, which could reduce the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal. Here, we investigate changes in permafrost under net-zero and negative emissions, based on idealized emission-driven simulations using a state-of-the-art Earth system model. While acting as a net ecosystem carbon sink during most of the positive emission phase, permafrost becomes a net ecosystem carbon source just before reaching net-zero and negative emissions.

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The recent sea ice changes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), necessitate elucidating the sea ice variability over the past 2.6 million years (Ma), when the Earth's glacial cycles transitioned from ∼41 to ∼100 kyr periodicity, following the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) period (0.7-1.

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Enhanced fire-prone weather under greenhouse gas warming can significantly affect local and global carbon budgets from increased fire occurrence, influencing carbon-climate feedbacks. However, the extent to which changes in fire-prone weather and associated carbon emissions can be mitigated by negative emissions remains uncertain. Here, we analyze fire weather responses in CO removal climate model experiments and estimate their potential carbon emissions based on an observational relationship between fire weather and fire-induced CO emissions.

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The deep ocean, a vast thermal reservoir, absorbs excess heat under greenhouse warming, which ultimately regulates the Earth's surface climate. Even if CO emissions are successfully reduced, the stored heat will gradually be released, resulting in a particular pattern of ocean warming. Here, we show that deep ocean warming will lead to El Niño-like ocean warming and resultant increased precipitation in the tropical eastern Pacific with southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone.

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Article Synopsis
  • The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) significantly impacts global weather and climate patterns, but its connection to human-driven climate change is still unclear.
  • The IPCC report indicates that human effects on IOD variability haven't been clearly observed, leading to uncertainties in climate projections.
  • Using long-term climate simulations, researchers found that while internal natural variability dominates short-term IOD changes, greenhouse warming likely leads to a long-term decrease in IOD variability, suggesting a notable human impact.
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Over the past decade, an unexpected cooling trend has been observed in East Asia and North America during winter. Climate model simulations suggest that this pattern of stalled warming, besides accelerated warming, will repeat throughout the course of global warming, influenced by the natural decade-long variations in the climate system. However, understanding the exact factors affecting the pace of warming remains a challenge.

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Article Synopsis
  • ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) is a major climate phenomenon with significant social and economic impacts, especially under future climate change scenarios.
  • Many studies have examined how ENSO might change with rising greenhouse gas emissions, but the effects of reducing CO2 are less understood.
  • Research indicates that reducing CO2 can cause notable changes in sea surface temperature variability in the eastern Pacific and alter global climate patterns, leading to amplified and prolonged effects of ENSO in a warming environment.
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A poleward shift of the Hadley cell (HC) edge in a warming climate, which contributes to the expansion of drought-prone subtropical regions, has been widely documented. The question addressed here is whether this shift is reversible with CO removal. By conducting large-ensemble experiments where CO concentrations are systematically increased and then decreased to the present-day level, we show that the poleward-shifted HC edge in a warming climate does not return to its present-day state when CO concentrations are reduced.

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Convective extreme El Niño (CEE) events, characterized by strong convective events in the eastern Pacific, are known to have a direct link to anomalous climate conditions worldwide, and it has been reported that CEE will occur more frequently under greenhouse warming. Here, using a set of CO ramp-up and ramp-down ensemble experiments, we show that frequency and maximum intensity of CEE events increase further in the ramp-down period from the ramp-up period. These changes in CEE are associated with the southward shift of the intertropical convergence zone and intensified nonlinear rainfall response to sea surface temperature change in the ramp-down period.

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The El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a dominant mode of global climate variability. Nevertheless, future multi-model probabilistic projections of ENSO properties have not yet been made. Main roadblocks that have been hindering making these projections are climate model dependence and difficulty in quantifying historical model performance.

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Understanding the regional hydrological response to varying CO concentration is critical for cost-benefit analysis of mitigation and adaptation polices in the near future. To characterize summer monsoon rainfall change in East Asia in a changing CO pathway, we used the Community Earth System Model (CESM) with 28 ensemble members in which the CO concentration increases at a rate of 1% per year until its quadrupling peak, i.e.

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In 2016, the westerly quasi-biennial oscillation (WQBO) in the equatorial stratosphere was unprecedentedly disrupted by westward forcing near 40 hPa; this was followed by another disruption in 2020. Strong extratropical Rossby waves propagating toward the tropics were considered the main cause of the disruptions, but why the zonal wind is reversed only in the middle of the WQBO remains unclear. Here, we show that strong westerly winds in the equatorial lower stratosphere (70 to 100 hPa) help to disrupt the WQBO by hindering the wind reversal at its base.

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Article Synopsis
  • Over the past 50 years, both the Indian Ocean (IO) and North Atlantic Ocean (NA) have shown significant warming trends, influenced not just by greenhouse gases but also by their interaction through atmospheric teleconnection.
  • Climate model simulations indicate that warming in the IO enhances the NA's sea surface temperatures (SST) by increasing longwave radiation, which subsequently leads to further warming in the IO due to decreased evaporative cooling.
  • This two-way interaction creates a positive feedback loop that reinforces warming in both ocean basins, with the Pacific Ocean playing a role as a modulator on longer timescales, emphasizing the need to understand ocean-basin interactions for better climate predictions.
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To investigate the response of the general circulation and global transport of heat through both atmosphere and ocean to two-types of carbon dioxide removal scenario, we performed an earth system model experiment in which we imposed a pulse-type quadrupling of CO forcing for 50 years and a gradual peak-and-decline of four-time CO forcing. We found that the results from two experiments are qualitatively similar to each other. During the forcing-on period, a dominant warming in the upper troposphere over the tropics and on the surface at high latitudes led to a slowdown in the Hadley circulation, but the poleward atmospheric energy transport was enhanced due to an increase in specific humidity.

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Article Synopsis
  • Model evaluations of ENSO traditionally rely on comparing various metrics to observations, but this method lacks a single objective summary of performance.
  • A new approach is proposed that involves comparing the full joint probability density functions (pdf's) of ENSO, focusing on sea surface temperature anomalies and thermocline depth anomalies.
  • A data-driven stochastic model for ENSO is developed, providing a way to analyze these complex pdf's, which can accurately replicate observed ENSO features and be used to explore internal variability and potentially apply to other similar climatic processes.
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Article Synopsis
  • El Niño significantly affects rainfall in densely populated areas, highlighting the need to understand how global warming will change these precipitation patterns.
  • Current research shows a lack of agreement on future precipitation changes in mid-latitude regions influenced by El Niño.
  • Analyzing climate model simulations, it appears that shifts in sea surface temperatures in the tropical Pacific alter El Niño types, affecting rainfall—intensifying precipitation in East Asia and North America or increasing the frequency of events in the eastern Pacific.
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Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are ubiquitous across disciplines, and uncovering SDEs driving observed time series data is a key scientific challenge. Most previous work on this topic has relied on restrictive assumptions, undermining the generality of these approaches. We present a novel technique to uncover driving probabilistic models that is based on kernel density estimation.

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Characteristics of sea ice extent (SIE) have been rapidly changing in the Pacific Arctic sector (PAS) in recent years. The SIE variability in PAS during the late spring and early summer (i.e.

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The asymmetric nature of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is explored by using a probabilistic model (PROM) for ENSO. Based on a Fokker-Planck Equation (FPE), PROM describes the dynamics of a nonlinear stochastic ENSO recharge oscillator model for eastern equatorial Pacific temperature anomalies and equatorial Pacific basin-averaged thermocline depth changes. Eigen analyses of PROM provide new insights into the stationary and oscillatory solutions of the stochastic dynamical system.

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Observational analysis shows that there is a predominant global-scale multidecadal variability (GMV) of sea-surface temperature (SST). Its horizontal pattern resembles that of the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) in the Pacific and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in the Atlantic Ocean, which could affect global precipitation and temperature over the globe. Here, we demonstrate that the GMV could be driven by the AMO through atmospheric teleconnections and atmosphere-ocean coupling processes.

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Recent Antarctic surface climate change has been characterized by greater warming trends in West Antarctica than in East Antarctica. Although this asymmetric feature is well recognized, its origin remains poorly understood. Here, by analyzing observation data and multimodel results, we show that a west-east asymmetric internal mode amplified in austral winter originates from the harmony of the atmosphere-ocean coupled feedback off West Antarctica and the Antarctic terrain.

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We present a novel quasi-Bayesian method to weight multiple dynamical models by their skill at capturing both potentially non-linear trends and first-order autocorrelated variability of the underlying process, and to make weighted probabilistic projections. We validate the method using a suite of one-at-a-time cross-validation experiments involving Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), its temperature-based index, as well as Korean summer mean maximum temperature. In these experiments the method tends to exhibit superior skill over a trend-only Bayesian model averaging weighting method in terms of weight assignment and probabilistic forecasts.

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El Niño events are characterized by surface warming of the tropical Pacific Ocean and weakening of equatorial trade winds that occur every few years. Such conditions are accompanied by changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation, affecting global climate, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, fisheries and human activities. The alternation of warm El Niño and cold La Niña conditions, referred to as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), represents the strongest year-to-year fluctuation of the global climate system.

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