An annual result of outdoor and indoor PM 2.5 analysis in two different building types in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Air pollution has been a significant environmental and public health concern in Ulaanbaatar, the capital city of Mongolia, for many years. The city experiences severe air pollution, particularly during the winter months. This study investigated the annual trends of outdoor and indoor PM concentrations at two neighboring sites in Ulaanbaatar: an office and a household, using low-cost sensors.

Source apportionment and spatial distribution of heavy metals in atmospheric settled dust of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

Atmospheric settled dust study was conducted with the purpose of to determine the source of heavy metal elements (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in airborne dust from Ulaanbaatar using the multivariate analysis and spatial distribution mapping by geographic information system (GIS) with the systematic grid. A total of 57 dust samples were collected from the impervious surfaces at 2-4 m above the ground in January of 2020. The mean concentrations of heavy metals were increasing order of Co-10.

Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil of the Ger District in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate human health and potential ecological risk assessment in the ger district of Ulaanbaatar city, Mongolia. To perform these risk assessments, soil samples were collected based on reference studies that investigated heavy element distribution in soil samples near the ger area in Ulaanbaatar city. In total, 42 soil samples were collected and 26 heavy metals were identified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) methods.

Mobile Measurement of PM Based on an Individual in Ulaanbaatar City.

In the present study, we measured fine particulate matter (PM) on the daily route of our study participant in order to determine her exposure and dose of PM in every microenvironment (ME). The measuring instrument, created by Nagoya University and Panasonic Corporation, Japan, was carried close to the breathing zone most of the time. Each data point was collected for 10-30 s or 2-6 cycles/min for 24 h from 1 October 2018 to 30 December 2018.

Contamination and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Soil of Major Cities in Mongolia.

Using the case of Ulaanbaatar, Erdenet, and Darkhan cities from Mongolia, the study aimed to assess the contamination level and health risk assessment of heavy metals (As, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn) in urban soil. A total of 78 samples was collected from a variety of functional areas. The geoaccumulation index (I) and integrated pollution index (IPI) were used in pollution assessment, while the health risk was scored using a hazard quotient () and health index (HI) for non-carcinogenic heavy metals, as well as a lifetime average daily dose () for carcinogenic heavy metals.

Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia.

The purpose of this study was to identify pollution sources by characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from total suspended particles in Ulaanbaatar City. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in total suspended particle samples collected from different sites, such as the urban center, industrial district and ger (Mongolian traditional house) areas, and residential areas both in heating (January, March), and non-heating (September) periods in 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration ranged between 131 and 773 ng·m in winter, 22.

Evaluating the management effectiveness of protected areas in Mongolia using the management effectiveness tracking tool.

The importance of management increases in the context of numerous and intensive inner and outer pressures on Protected Areas (PAs). The need to assess the management effectiveness (ME) in protected areas is increasing around the world. The ME assessment helps to improve the management of PAs and to develop a rational, long-term action plan.