Effect of reboxetine and citalopram on anal opening pressure in healthy women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.

Background: In placebo-controlled clinical trials, reboxetine, a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, increases urethral pressure and relieves stress urinary incontinence symptoms in women. Considering the close connection in neural regulation of the external urethral and anal sphincters, we hypothesized that reboxetine may also enhance anal sphincter pressure. Conversely, it is believed that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may contribute to fecal incontinence by reducing anal sphincter pressure.

Idiosyncratic patterns of local species richness and turnover define global biodiversity hotspots.

Tropical mountains are global biodiversity hotspots, owing to a combination of high local species richness and turnover in species composition. Typically, the highest local richness and turnover levels are implicitly assumed to converge in the same mountain regions, resulting in extraordinary species richness at regional to global scales. We investigated this untested assumption using high-resolution distribution data for all 9,788 bird species found in 134 mountain regions worldwide.

Neuroanatomy of the Will.

Questions regarding the nature and source of consciousness and individual agency to make decisions have enormous practical implications that include human health and wellbeing, social policy, and economics. Ethical issues involving the ability for patients to make conscious, informed choices, such as in cases of dementia or coma, abound, and the health implications of individual choice on public wellbeing are becoming increasingly important as population densities increase. Furthermore, the use of animals for drug testing presents moral dilemmas related to our concepts of consciousness, pain, and consent.

Biodiversity cradles and museums segregating within hotspots of endemism.

The immense concentrations of vertebrate species in tropical mountains remain a prominent but unexplained pattern in biogeography. A long-standing hypothesis suggests that montane biodiversity hotspots result from endemic species aggregating within ecologically stable localities. Here, the persistence of ancient lineages coincides with frequent speciation events, making such areas both 'cradles' (where new species arise) and 'museums' (where old species survive).

Effect of single doses of citalopram and reboxetine on urethral pressure: A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled three-period crossover study in healthy women.

Aims: Urethral closure function is essential for urinary continence in women and decreased urethral pressure is associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). For decades, the effects of serotonergic drugs on central neural control of urethral closure have been investigated and discussed. Epidemiological studies suggest that the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), such as citalopram, is associated with SUI.

Extinction, coextinction and colonization dynamics in plant-hummingbird networks under climate change.

Climate-driven range shifts may cause local extinctions, while the accompanying loss of biotic interactions may trigger secondary coextinctions. At the same time, climate change may facilitate colonizations from regional source pools, balancing out local species loss. At present, how these extinction-coextinction-colonization dynamics affect biological communities under climate change is poorly understood.

Absent Internal Carotid Artery With Intact Circle of Willis.

The internal carotid arteries are one of the primary suppliers of the Circle of Willis and cerebral blood flow, but the rare case of agenesis of the internal carotid artery can impair the functional redundancies of cerebral blood supply. In this study, routine, medical education-focused cadaveric dissection of an 80-year-old male cadaver (cause of death was ventricular tachycardia) was performed. A case of agenesis of the left internal carotid artery and the carotid canal was identified.

A Retrospective Analysis of Group-Based Boxing Exercise on Measures of Physical Mobility in Patients With Parkinson Disease.

Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study is to further the limited body of evidence regarding the effects of a group-based boxing intervention for those with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Design: A retrospective cohort study was performed analyzing data collected on outcome measures at 6-month intervals up to 2 years. Individuals participated in the standardized "Rock Steady Boxing" (RSB) program for up to 24 months.

Rapid immunohistological measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat midbrain by near-infrared instrument-based detection.

We present a robust, fresh-frozen approach to immunohistochemistry (IHC), without committing the tissue to IHC via fixation and cryopreservation while maintaining long-term storage, using LiCor-based infrared (IR) quantification for sensitive assessment of TH in immunoreacted midbrain sections for quantitative comparison across studies. In fresh-frozen tissue stored up to 1 year prior to IHC reaction, we found our method to be highly sensitive to rotenone treatment in 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats, and correlated with a significant decline in rotarod latency-to-fall measurement by approximately 2.5 fold.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 trial of inhaled and intranasal niclosamide: A broad spectrum antiviral candidate for treatment of COVID-19.

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is spreading globally and treatment options remain limited. A formulation of niclosamide, a potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent and a broad-spectrum antiviral treatment candidate, optimized for inhalation and intranasal administration (UNI91104) was developed.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-centre, dose-ascending Phase 1 trial to assess the safety of UNI91104 in Denmark (NCT04576312).

Vaccination against RhoC induces long-lasting immune responses in patients with prostate cancer: results from a phase I/II clinical trial.

Background: Peptide-based vaccination is a rational option for immunotherapy of prostate cancer. In this first-in-man phase I/II study, we assessed the safety, tolerability and immunological impact of a synthetic long peptide vaccine targeting Ras homolog gene family member C (RhoC) in patients with prostate cancer. RhoC is a small GTPase overexpressed in advanced solid cancers, metastases and cancer stem cells.

Interpretation problems with the BASC-3 SRP-A F Index for patients with depressive disorders: An initial analysis and proposal for future research.

The Behavioral Assessment System for Children, 3rd edition (BASC-3) is a commonly used clinical assessment to evaluate a variety of behavioral and emotional concerns in children and adolescents. The focus of the current study is on the problematic interpretation of the F Index of the BASC-3 self-report measure for adolescents (SRP-A) suffering from depressive disorders. In this study, we used data from 214 patients in an adolescent partial hospitalization program within a psychiatric facility, all of whom were administered the BASC-3 SRP-A upon intake.

Ecological mechanisms explaining interactions within plant-hummingbird networks: morphological matching increases towards lower latitudes.

Interactions between species are influenced by different ecological mechanisms, such as morphological matching, phenological overlap and species abundances. How these mechanisms explain interaction frequencies across environmental gradients remains poorly understood. Consequently, we also know little about the mechanisms that drive the geographical patterns in network structure, such as complementary specialization and modularity.

Midazolam Pharmacokinetics in Obese and Non-obese Children and Adolescents.

Background: Midazolam is a first-line drug for the treatment of status epilepticus, both by buccal and intravenous administration. In children and adolescents with obesity, midazolam pharmacokinetics may be altered, and the current dosing guidelines may therefore be insufficient.

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of midazolam, after intravenous administration, in obese and non-obese adolescents aged 11-18 years.

Spatial and temporal immunoreactivity in the rat brain using an affinity purified polyclonal antibody to DNSP-11.

DNSP-11 antibody signal was investigated in perfusion fixated Fischer 344 rat brains by immunohistochemistry with a custom, affinity purified polyclonal antibody. The DNSP-11-antibody signal was differentially localized from the mature GDNF protein both spatially and temporally. In the mesencephalon of post-natal day 10 animals, when GDNF is maximally expressed, DNSP-11 and GDNF antibody immunoreactivities co-localize extensively but not exclusively.

Prevalence of the sternalis muscle in a sample of routinely dissected human cadavers.

Purpose: Sternalis muscle is an uncommon muscle head attaching between the sternoclavicular joint superiorly and the costal cartilage near the xiphoid process.

Methods: In this study, 36 cadavers (18 male, 18 female) were obtained through the Anatomical Board of the State of Florida and complete, routine musculoskeletal dissection was performed while adhering to all relevant laws and practices.

Results: Two examples of the sternalis muscle belly (5%) were identified, one in a black male and one a white female.