Diagnostic reference levels for chest computed tomography in children as a function of patient size.

Background: Radiation exposures from computed tomography (CT) in children are inadequately studied. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) can help optimise radiation doses.

Objective: To determine local DRLs for paediatric chest CT performed mainly on modern dual-source, multi-slice CT scanners as a function of patient size.

A Potential Role for Bile Acid Signaling in Celiac Disease-Associated Fatty Liver.

Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an intolerance to storage proteins of many grains. CeD is frequently associated with liver damage and steatosis. Bile acid (BA) signaling has been identified as an important mediator in gut-liver interaction and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Primary renal sarcomas: imaging features and discrimination from non-sarcoma renal tumors.

Objectives: To assess imaging features of primary renal sarcomas in order to better discriminate them from non-sarcoma renal tumors.

Methods: Adult patients diagnosed with renal sarcomas from 1995 to 2018 were included from 11 European tertiary referral centers (Germany, Belgium, Turkey). Renal sarcomas were 1:4 compared to patients with non-sarcoma renal tumors.

Anti-TNFα treatment in Crohn's disease: Impact on hepatic steatosis, gut-derived hormones and metabolic status.

Background And Aims: An association between Crohn's disease (CD) and hepatic steatosis has been reported. However, the underlying mechanisms of steatosis progression in CD are not clear. Among the most effective CD treatments are agents that inhibit Tumor-Necrosis-Factor (TNF) activity, yet it is unclear why anti-TNFα agents would affect steatosis in CD.

Impact of F-FDG PET/MR on therapeutic management in high risk primary breast cancer patients - A prospective evaluation of staging algorithms.

Purpose: To investigate whether potential differences in staging between a traditional staging imaging algorithm and F-FDG PET/MR lead to a change in patient management in breast carcinoma and to compare the diagnostic accuracy between the traditional staging algorithm and F-FDG PET/MR for the TNM classification.

Method: In this prospective cohort study from two university hospitals 56 women with newly diagnosed, therapy-naive breast cancer and increased pre-test probability for distant metastases were included. All patients were examined by a traditional staging imaging algorithm (X-ray mammography, breast ultrasonography, chest plain radiography, bone scintigraphy, and ultrasonography of the liver and axillary fossa) and whole-body F-FDG PET/MR including dedicated F-FDG PET/MR breast examinations.

Pharmacokinetics of Ferumoxytol in the Abdomen and Pelvis: A Dosing Study with 1.5- and 3.0-T MRI Relaxometry.

Background The off-label use of ferumoxytol (FE), an intravenous iron preparation for iron deficiency anemia, as a contrast agent for MRI is increasing; therefore, it is critical to understand its pharmacokinetics. Purpose To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of FE in the abdomen and pelvis, as assessed with quantitative 1.5- and 3.

Quantitative performance of I PET/MR of neck lesions in thyroid cancer patients using I PET/CT as reference.

Background: In patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), serial I PET/CT imaging is, for instance, used to assess the absorbed (radiation) dose to lesions. Frequently, the lesions are located in the neck and they are close to or surrounded by different tissue types. In contrast to PET/CT, MR-based attenuation correction in PET/MR may be therefore challenging in the neck region.

Changes in signal intensity in the dentate nucleus at unenhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging depending on class of previously used gadolinium-based contrast agent.

Background: Signal increase on T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the dentate nucleus has been reported in adults after multiple injections of gadolinium-based contrast agents. Linear contrast agents are more prone to cause this increase. Studies in children are still rare and focus mostly on the analysis of one single agent.

Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI Versus CT for the Evaluation of Acute Appendicitis in Children and Young Adults.

Objective: Appendicitis is frequently diagnosed in the emergency department, most commonly using CT. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced MRI with that of contrast-enhanced CT for the diagnosis of appendicitis in adolescents when interpreted by abdominal radiologists and pediatric radiologists.

Subjects And Methods: Our study included a prospectively enrolled cohort of 48 patients (12-20 years old) with nontraumatic abdominal pain who underwent CT and MRI.

Radiological imaging characteristics of intramammary hematological malignancies: results from a german multicenter study.

To assess radiological procedures and imaging characteristics in patients with intramammary hematological malignancies (IHM). Radiological imaging studies of histopathological proven IHM cases from ten German University affiliated breast imaging centers from 1997-2012 were retrospectively evaluated. Imaging modalities included ultrasound (US), mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Added value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance cholangiography for the diagnosis of post-transplant biliary complications.

Objectives: Biliary complications after liver transplantation (LT) are common. This study aimed to ascertain the value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced T1-weighted (T1w) magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) to evaluate anastomotic strictures (AS), non-anastomotic strictures (NAS) and biliary casts (BC).

Methods: Sixty liver-transplanted patients with suspicion of biliary complications and T2w-MRCP and T1w-MRC followed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) were analysed.

Evaluation of PET and MR datasets in integrated 18F-FDG PET/MRI: A comparison of different MR sequences for whole-body restaging of breast cancer patients.

Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic value of different MR sequences and 18F-FDG PET data for whole-body restaging of breast cancer patients utilizing PET/MRI.

Methods: A total of 36 patients with suspected tumor recurrence of breast cancer based on clinical follow-up or abnormal findings in follow-up examinations (e.g.

Imaging findings of primary breast sarcoma: Results of a first multicenter study.

Purpose: To investigate imaging findings in patients with primary breast sarcoma (PBS).

Materials And Methods: A retrospective search in the databases of 10 radiological departments in Germany from 2000 to 2011 was performed. Only histologically proven cases of PBS were included into the study.

MR visible localization device for radiographic-pathologic correlation of surgical specimens.

Purpose: The detection of small parenchymal hepatic lesions identified by preoperative imaging remains a challenge for traditional pathologic methods in large specimens. We developed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible localization device for imaging of surgical specimens aimed to improve identification and localization of hepatic lesions ex vivo.

Materials And Methods: The device consists of two stationary and one removable MR-visible grids lined with silicone gel, creating an orthogonal 3D matrix for lesion localization.

Crossover comparison of ferumoxytol and gadobenate dimeglumine for abdominal MR-angiography at 3.0 tesla: Effects of contrast bolus length and flip angle.

Purpose: Ferumoxytol (FE) has gained interest as an alternative to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and optimize ferumoxytol dose and T1 weighting, in comparison to a conventional GBCA.

Materials And Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers (six women / six men, mean age 44.

Comparison of the Detection Rate of Simulated Microcalcifications in Full-Field Digital Mammography, Digital Breast Tomosynthesis, and Synthetically Reconstructed 2-Dimensional Images Performed With 2 Different Digital X-ray Mammography Systems.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the microcalcification detectability in an anthropomorphic phantom model regarding number, size, and shape in full-field digital mammography (FFDM), synthetically reconstructed 2-dimensional (Synthetic-2D) images, and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) performed with 2 different x-ray mammography systems.

Materials And Methods: Simulated microcalcifications of different numbers (0 to >39), sizes (diameter, 100-800 μm), and shapes (round vs heterogeneous) were scattered by random distribution on 50 film phantoms each divided in 4 quadrants. The FFDM and DBT x-rays were taken from each of these 50 films with both x-ray mammography systems (SenoClaire; GE Healthcare, Selenia Dimensions, Hologic) using an anthropomorphic scattering body and automatic exposure control.

Integrated PET/MR breast cancer imaging: Attenuation correction and implementation of a 16-channel RF coil.

Purpose: This study aims to develop, implement, and evaluate a 16-channel radiofrequency (RF) coil for integrated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging of breast cancer. The RF coil is designed for optimized MR imaging performance and PET transparency and attenuation correction (AC) is applied for accurate PET quantification.

Methods: A 16-channel breast array RF coil was designed for integrated PET/MR hybrid imaging of breast cancer lesions.

Thrombus-mimicking artifacts in two-point Dixon MRI: Prevalence, appearance, and severity.

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence and severity of potentially thrombus mimicking, flow-induced misallocation artifacts in a clinical setting. Two-point "Dixon" fat-water separation methods, with bipolar readout gradients, may suffer from flow-induced fat-water misallocation artifacts. If these artifacts occur within blood vessels, they may mimic thrombus.

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of intramammary metastases.

The purpose of this study was to identify magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of intramammary metastases (IM). We identified 8 cases with IM, which were investigated by breast MRI (1.5T).

Contrast-Enhanced Abdominal MRI for Suspected Appendicitis: How We Do It.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe our approach to contrast-enhanced abdominal MRI in patients with nontraumatic abdominal pain and suspected appendicitis. We aim to share our experience on the advantages, pearls, and pitfalls of MRI in this clinical setting, in comparison with CT and ultrasound.

Conclusion: We present some typical cases of appendicitis and alternative diagnoses in patients presenting with acute nontraumatic abdominal pain.

Quantitative Imaging Biomarkers of NAFLD.

Conventional imaging modalities, including ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR), play an important role in the diagnosis and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by allowing noninvasive diagnosis of hepatic steatosis. However, conventional imaging modalities are limited as biomarkers of NAFLD for various reasons. Multi-parametric quantitative MRI techniques overcome many of the shortcomings of conventional imaging and allow comprehensive and objective evaluation of NAFLD.

Evaluation of ¹⁸F-FDG PET/MRI, ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT, MRI, and CT in whole-body staging of recurrent breast cancer.

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic performance of (18)F-fluordesoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging ((18)F-FDG PET/MRI) with (18)F-FDG PET/computed tomography ((18)F-FDG PET/CT), MRI, and CT in whole-body staging of recurrent breast cancer.

Material And Methods: Twenty-one consecutive patients (age 59.4 ± 11.

Hybrid imaging of the bowel using PET/MR enterography: Feasibility and first results.

Purpose: To implement a protocol for PET/MR enterography for a multimodal assessment of intestinal pathologies.

Materials And Methods: 19 patients with bowel malignancies, Crohn's disease or fever of unknown origin (male: n=14, female: n=5, age: 57±13years) underwent PET/MR enterography with either [(18)F]FDG (n=10) or [(68)Ga]-DOTATOC (n=9) using an integrated scanner. For small bowel distension a contrast solution (1500 cm(3) of mannitol and locust bean gum) was ingested.

Evaluation of combined Gd-EOB-DTPA and gadobutrol magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma grading.

Background: Tumor biopsy is not essential for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, grading remains important for the prognosis.

Purpose: To investigate whether combined Gd-EOB-DTPA and gadobutrol liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can predict HCC grading.

Material And Methods: Thirty patients (66.

Implementation of FAST-PET/MRI for whole-body staging of female patients with recurrent pelvic malignancies: A comparison to PET/CT.

Objectives: To compare the diagnostic competence of FAST-PET/MRI and PET/CT for whole-body staging of female patients suspect for a recurrence of a pelvic malignancy.

Methods: 24 female patients with a suspected tumor recurrence underwent a PET/CT and subsequent PET/MRI examination. For PET/MRI readings a whole-body FAST-protocol was implemented.