The effect of stiffened diabetic red blood cells on wall shear stress in a reconstructed 3D microaneurysm.

Blood flow within the vasculature of the retina has been found to influence the progression of diabetic retinopathy. In this research cell resolved blood flow simulations are used to study the pulsatile flow of whole blood through a segmented retinal microaneurysm. Images were collected using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography of the retina of a patient with diabetic retinopathy, and a sidewall (sacciform) microaneurysm was segmented from the volumetric data.

Longitudinal analysis of microvascular perfusion and neurodegenerative changes in early type 2 diabetic retinal disease.

Aim: To prospectively monitor subclinical changes in capillary perfusion and retinal layer thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes and early diabetic retinal disease over 2 years.

Methods: In this longitudinal study we performed biannual retinal vascular imaging using optical coherence tomography angiography (RTVue) to analyse the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, perimeter, acircularity index (AI) and parafoveal superficial/deep vessel density (VD). Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis) was used to measure the thickness of nine macular layers and the peripapillary nerve fibre layer.

Microvasculature Segmentation and Intercapillary Area Quantification of the Deep Vascular Complex Using Transfer Learning.

Purpose: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) permits visualization of the changes to the retinal circulation due to diabetic retinopathy (DR), a microvascular complication of diabetes. We demonstrate accurate segmentation of the vascular morphology for the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep vascular complex (DVC) using a convolutional neural network (CNN) for quantitative analysis.

Methods: The main CNN training dataset consisted of retinal OCT-A with a 6 × 6-mm field of view (FOV), acquired using a Zeiss PlexElite.

Ensemble Deep Learning for Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: To evaluate the role of ensemble learning techniques with deep learning in classifying diabetic retinopathy (DR) in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images and their corresponding co-registered structural images.

Methods: A total of 463 volumes from 380 eyes were acquired using the 3 × 3-mm OCTA protocol on the Zeiss Plex Elite system. Enface images of the superficial and deep capillary plexus were exported from both the optical coherence tomography and OCTA data.

Evaluating Signs of Microangiopathy Secondary to Diabetes in Different Areas of the Retina with Swept Source OCTA.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare perfusion parameters of the parafovea with scans outside the parafovea to find an area most susceptible to changes secondary to diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods: Patients with different DR severity levels as well as controls were included in this cross-sectional clinical trial. Seven standardized 3 × 3 mm areas were recorded with Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: one centered on the fovea, three were temporal to the fovea, and three nasally to the optic disc.

Response of Retinal Sensitivity to Intravitreal Anti-angiogenic Bevacizumab and Triamcinolone Acetonide for Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema over One Year.

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare microperimetry changes in patients with clinically significant diabetic macular edema secondary to diabetes mellitus, following intravitreal injections of bevacizumab or triamcinolone during a follow-up of 1 year after treatment.

Materials And Methods: 30 patients with clinically significant macular edema were randomized into two groups of 15 patients each. One group initially received three intravitreal injections of 2.

Retinal and Choroidal Perfusion Status in the Area of Laser Scars Assessed With Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

Purpose: To evaluate the perfusion status of the retina and choriocapillaris in the area of laser scars on swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of eyes previously treated with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP).

Methods: Cross-sectional exploratory analysis of swept-source OCTA images, which were retrospectively reviewed for laser scars. The appearance of the capillary networks in the area of previous laser were evaluated following a three-step grading system (normal/sparse/missing capillary network).

Short-time effect of intravitreal injections on retinal vascular oxygenation and vessel diameter in patients with diabetic macular oedema or neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To investigate the short-time effect of intravitreal injections (IVI) of the vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors ranibizumab and aflibercept on retinal arterial and venous oxygen saturation (SO2a and SO2v), arteriovenous oxygen saturation difference (AVD) and vessel diameter (VDa and VDv) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME) and patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) due to age-related macular degeneration.

Methods: Uncontrolled prospective observational study in 100 eyes. Retinal vessel oxygen saturation and diameters were assessed using a retinal oximeter before and minutes after IVI of ranibizumab or aflibercept.

Application of optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy: a comprehensive review.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive method that enables visualization of blood flow within retinal vessels down to the size of capillaries by detecting motion contrast from moving blood cells. OCTA provides a fast and safe procedure to assess retinal microvasculature with higher contrast and resolution than conventional fluorescence angiography. The different capillary plexuses are displayed separately and their perfusion density can be quantified.

Atrophy of the central neuroretina in patients treated for diabetic macular edema.

Purpose: To examine the prevalence of central retinal atrophy in patients treated for diabetic macular edema (DME) in a clinical setting.

Methods: Retrospective data analysis of patients with DME, focusing on those who developed central retinal thinning after DME treatment at the Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Vienna. Patient characteristics and clinical data including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spectral domain optical coherence tomography and fluorescence angiography images were reviewed and DME treatment strategies analysed using descriptive statistics.

Dynamic Changes of Retinal Microaneurysms in Diabetes Imaged With In Vivo Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose: To prospectively monitor microaneurysms (MAs) in three dimensions using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AOOCT).

Methods: Patients with diabetes mellitus and parafoveal MAs were included in this longitudinal study. At baseline, MAs were identified in standard fluorescein angiography (FA) and subsequently imaged with an AOOCT prototype, incorporated into an AO fundus camera (RTX1, Imagine Eyes) device.

Association of Microaneurysms on Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy With Surrounding Neuroretinal Pathology and Visual Function in Diabetes.

Purpose: We evaluate diabetic microaneurysm (MA) features on high-resolution adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and their correlations with visual acuity (VA) and local retinal pathology on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT).

Methods: Diabetic participants underwent VA testing and AOSLO and SDOCT imaging of MAs. AOSLO images were graded for MA dimension, wall hyperreflectivity (WH), intraluminal hyperreflectivity (IH), and perfusion pattern.

Correlation between corneal and retinal neurodegenerative changes and their association with microvascular perfusion in type II diabetes.

Purpose: The pathophysiology of diabetic neurodegeneration and microvasculopathy remains controversial. Neurosensory layer thickness and corneal nerve fibre loss represent potential biomarkers of neuropathy. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the correlation between these neurodegenerative features and their association with retinal microvascular integrity in patients with type II diabetes without retinopathy.

Characterization of Retinal Lesions of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy.

Purpose: To characterize hallmark diabetic retinopathy (DR) lesions utilizing adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) and to compare AOSLO findings with those on standard imaging techniques.

Methods: Cross-sectional study including 35 eyes of 34 study participants. AOSLO confocal and multiply scattered light (MSL) imaging were performed in eyes with DR.

Association of Changes in Macular Perfusion With Ranibizumab Treatment for Diabetic Macular Edema: A Subanalysis of the RESTORE (Extension) Study.

Importance: Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment is the first-line therapy in the treatment of center-involving diabetic macular edema. Data on capillary perfusion changes under repeated treatment in a possibly compromised vascular network are limited.

Objective: To evaluate the association of repeated ranibizumab injections on macular perfusion in patients with diabetic macular edema.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF RETINAL MICROANEURYSMS WITH ADAPTIVE OPTICS OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY.

Purpose: To characterize retinal microaneurysms (MAs) in patients with diabetes using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AOOCT) and compare details found in AOOCT with those found in commercially available retinal imaging techniques.

Methods: Patients with diabetes and MA in the macular area were included in this pilot study. The area of interest, identified in standard fluorescein angiography, was imaged using an AO fundus camera and AOOCT.

Detailed analysis of retinal morphology in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) randomized to ranibizumab or triamcinolone treatment.

Purpose: Our purpose was to compare the impact in diabetic macula edema (DME) of two intravitreal drugs (0.5 mg ranibizumab vs. 8 mg triamcinolone) on changes in retinal morphology in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) images, color fundus photography (CF) and fluorescein angiography (FA) images during a 1-year follow-up.

Regional Patterns of Retinal Oxygen Saturation and Microvascular Hemodynamic Parameters Preceding Retinopathy in Patients With Type II Diabetes.

Purpose: Alterations in retinal oxygen metabolism and retinal microcirculation are signs of impending diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, if specific retinal regions are primarily affected is so far unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate if retinal oxygen saturation (SO2) and microvascular hemodynamic parameters follow a distinct regional pattern in patients with diabetes but no DR.