Associations of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Geometry with Adverse Outcomes in Patients with CKD and Hypertension.

Background And Objectives: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and abnormal left ventricular (LV) geometry predict adverse outcomes in the general and hypertensive populations, but findings in CKD are still inconclusive.

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: We enrolled 445 patients with hypertension and CKD stages 2-5 in two academic nephrology clinics in 1999-2003 who underwent both echocardiography and ambulatory BP monitoring. LVH (LV mass >100 g/m(2) [women] and >131 g/m(2) [men]) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were used to define LV geometry: no LVH and RWT≤0.

Modeling of submicrometer aerosol penetration through sintered granular membrane filters.

We present a deep-bed aerosol filtration model that can be used to estimate the efficiency of sintered granular membrane filters in the region of the most penetrating particle size. In this region the capture of submicrometer aerosols, much smaller than the filter pore size, takes place mainly via Brownian diffusion and direct interception acting in synergy. By modeling the disordered sintered grain packing of such filters as a simple cubic lattice, and mapping the corresponding 3D connected pore volume onto a discrete cylindrical pore network, the efficiency of a granular filter can be estimated, using new analytical results for the efficiency of cylindrical pores.

Theoretical Study of Aerosol Filtration by Nucleopore Filters: The Intermediate Crossover Regime of Brownian Diffusion and Direct Interception.

We study the problem of aerosol filtration by formulating a unified approach that incorporates the dominant mechanisms of particle capture in cylindrical pores. The theoretical approach presented here takes into account the effects of flow slip at the pore wall and predicts an enhanced efficiency in the intermediate crossover regime between Brownian diffusion and direct interception. We also suggest how the results obtained for cylindrical pores can be used to estimate the efficiency of granular ceramic filters in the region of the most penetrating particle size, where the enhanced efficiency effects are strongly amplified by the large number of pores, or more generally unit bed elements, acting in series.