Combining semi-quantitative rating and automated brain volumetry in MRI evaluation of patients with probable behavioural variant of fronto-temporal dementia: an added value for clinical practise?

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic value of combined semiquantitative and quantitative assessment of brain atrophy in the diagnostic workup of the behavioural-variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD).

Methods: Three neuroradiologists defined brain atrophy grading and identified atrophy pattern suggestive of bvFTD on 3D-T1 brain MRI of 112 subjects using a semiquantitative rating scale (Kipps'). A quantitative atrophy assessment was performed using two different automated software (Quantib® ND and Icometrix®).

Multidisciplinary management of patients diagnosed with von Hippel-Lindau disease: A practical review of the literature for clinicians.

Objective: The aim of the current review is to summarize the available evidence to aid clinicians in the surveillance, treatment and follow-up of the different primary tumors developed by patients diagnosed with von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome.

Methods: A non-systematic narrative review of original articles, meta-analyses, and randomized trials was conducted, including articles in the pre-clinical setting to support relevant findings.

Results: VHL disease is the most common rare hereditary disorder associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Cerebral hyperdensity on CT imaging (CTHD) post-reperfusion treatment in patients with acute cerebral stroke: understanding its clinical meaning.

Objectives: To investigate the clinical meaning of brain parenchymal computed-tomography hyperdensities (CTHD) in patients treated of anterior circulation acute stroke with reperfusion therapy.

Methods: Patients were retrospectively enrolled from three different hospitals. Brain CT scans were assessed at four time points: We recorded ASPECT scores of pre-treatment CTs, assessed ASPECT scores and the presence of CTHD on post-treatment CTs acquired within 24-30 h and 24-72 h, and examined a one-month CTs follow-up to determine the ischemic evolution of CTHD.

Multiple hypointense veins on susceptibility weighted imaging as a promising biomarker of impaired cerebral hemodynamics in chronic steno-occlusive disease: a multiparametric MRI study.

Purpose: Patients with steno-occlusive arterial disease may develop cerebral hypoperfusion with possible neurologic sequelae. The aim of the study is to verify the possible role of SWI, as a marker of cerebral hypoperfusion, in the identification of patient subgroups with significant chronic occlusions/stenoses at risk of critical cerebral hypoperfusion.

Methods: We retrospectively identified 37 asymptomatic patients with chronic intra-extracranial occlusion/stenosis of the anterior circulation from a prospective brain MRI register between 2016 and 2020.

The role of CE-MRA of the supraortic vessels in the detection of associated intracranial pathology.

Background: Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) has become a very popular imaging technique in the evaluation of the extracranial vessels pathology, while it is not commonly used to rule out intracranial vascular pathology. On the contrary, 3D time of flight MRA (TOF-MRA) has a solid role in the study of intracranial arterial vessels disease.

Materials And Methods: One hundred and eight patients were consecutively included in the study.

Iron deposition in Parkinsonisms: A Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping study in the deep grey matter.

Purpose: The aim of the study is to quantify the susceptibility in deep grey nuclei that are affected by pathological processes related to iron accumulation in patients with Parkinson's disease and primary atypical parkinsonisms such as Progressive Supranuclear Palsy, Multiple System Atrophy and Cortico-Basal Degeneration, in order to assist the differential diagnosis among parkinsonian syndromes.

Methods: We enrolled 49 patients with Parkinson's disease and 26 patients with primary atypical parkinsonisms. Automatic segmentation of putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus and thalamus and manual segmentation of red nuclei and substantia nigra were performed, and region of interest-based Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping analysis were performed.

Diagnostic efficacy and safety of gadoteridol compared to gadobutrol and gadoteric acid in a large sample of CNS MRI studies at 1.5T.

Purpose: To evaluate safety and diagnostic accuracy of gadoteridol vs. other macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) in a large cohort of consecutive and non-selected patients referred for CE-MRI of the CNS.

Material And Methods: Between November 2017 and March 2018, we prospectively enrolled a consecutive cohort of patients referred for neuroradiological CE-MRI (1.

Toward a marker of upper motor neuron impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A fully automatic investigation of the magnetic susceptibility in the precentral cortex.

Purpose: Diagnostic work-up in motor neuron disease (MND) needs a quantitative biomarker of upper motor neuron (UMN) impairment. We investigated the susceptibility properties of the precentral cortex in a cohort of patients affected by Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to obtain a useful biomarker of UMN impairment in a fully automatic paradigm.

Materials And Methods: We retrospectively collected imaging and clinical data of 42 ALS patients who had undergone brain 3 T MRI including tridimensional T1-weighted and spoiled gradient-echo multi-echo T2-weighted images.

Disorders of Ventral Induction/Spectrum of Holoprosencephaly.

Disorders of the ventral induction give rise to a group of congenital malformations that share in common the failure of the prosencephalon cleavage and subsequent formation of midline structures, presenting with a wide spectrum of severity. This article focuses on the imaging findings of the holoprosencephaly spectrum and septo-optic dysplasia, their epidemiology, embryology, and the common clinical associated anomalies. Knowledge of the imaging features of these disorders is necessary for a correct interpretation of findings and accurate parental counseling.

Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy due to statins exposure.

Statin-induced necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (IMNM) is an autoimmune disorder induced by anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme-A reductase (anti-HMGCR) antibodies. We performed a retrospective clinical, histological, and radiological evaluation of 5 patients with a 3-year therapeutic follow-up. All patients used statins and then experienced proximal weakness that persisted after drug cessation.

Conventional MRI.

Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for a detailed noninvasive visualization/examination of posterior fossa structures and represents a fundamental step in the diagnostic workup of many cerebellar disorders. In the first part of this chapter methodologic issues, like the correct choice of hardware (magnets, coils), pro and cons of the different MRI sequences, and patient management during the examination are discussed. In the second part, the MRI anatomy of the cerebellum, as noted on the various conventional MRI sequences, as well as a detailed description of cerebellar maturational processes from birth to childhood and into adulthood, are reported.

Neuroimaging Findings of Organic Acidemias and Aminoacidopathies.

Although individual cases of inherited metabolic disorders are rare, overall they account for a substantial number of disorders affecting the central nervous system. Organic acidemias and aminoacidopathies include a variety of inborn errors of metabolism that are caused by defects in the intermediary metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acid oxidation. These defects can lead to the abnormal accumulation of organic acids and amino acids in multiple organs, including the brain.

The Child With Macrocephaly: Differential Diagnosis and Neuroimaging Findings.

Objective: The purpose of this article is to offer a systematic approach to the imaging of children with macrocephaly and to illustrate key neuroimaging features of common and rare but important disorders.

Conclusion: Macrocephaly is a common clinical finding in children. Increased volume of one of the intracranial compartments can enlarge the head either prenatally or postnatally while the cranial sutures are open.

Orbital infantile hemangioma and rhabdomyosarcoma in children: differentiation using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.

Purpose: To evaluate differences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance between infantile hemangiomas and rhabdomyosarcomas of the orbit in pediatric patients using diffusion-weighted imaging.

Methods: A multicenter retrospective review of MRIs of pediatric patients with infantile hemangiomas and rhabdomyosarcomas of the orbit was performed. MRI examinations from a total of 21 patients with infantile hemangiomas and 12 patients with rhabdomyosarcomas of the orbit were independently reviewed by two subspecialty board-certified neuroradiologists masked to the diagnosis.

Back pain and scoliosis in children: When to image, what to consider.

Back pain and scoliosis in children most commonly present as benign and self-limited entities. However, persistent back pain and/or progressive scoliosis should always be taken seriously in children. Dedicated diagnostic work-up should exclude etiologies that may result in significant morbidity.

Ventricular pseudodiverticula from intraparenchymal cerebrospinal fluid dissection secondary to high-grade obstructive hydrocephalus in children: magnetic resonance imaging findings.

We report on a series of three children who presented with a focal cerebrospinal fluid collection within the periventricular white matter of the temporal and occipital lobes in the setting of high-grade obstructive hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a focal defect within the ventricular wall associated with leakage of cerebrospinal fluid into the adjacent white matter. The white matter tracts appeared primarily displaced.

Compound Heterozygous Variants in ROBO1 Cause a Neurodevelopmental Disorder With Absence of Transverse Pontine Fibers and Thinning of the Anterior Commissure and Corpus Callosum.

Background: Axonal guidance disorders are characterized by white matter tracts with an anomalous course, failure to cross the midline, or presence of anomalous white matter tracts. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a suitable noninvasive, in vivo neuroimaging tool to study axonal guidance disorders. We describe a novel disorder in a boy with compound heterozygous variants in the ROBO1 gene.

Spectrum of early lung cancer presentation in low-dose screening CT: a pictorial review.

The typical presentation of early stage lung cancers on low-dose CT screening are non-calcified pulmonary nodules. However, there is a wide spectrum of unusual focal abnormalities that can be early presentations of lung cancer. These abnormalities include, for example, cancers associated with 'cystic airspaces' or scar-like cancers.

Neurodevelopmental outcome at 36 months in very low birth weight premature infants with MR diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) of cerebral white matter.

Purpose: To understand the meaning of diffuse excessive high signal intensity (DEHSI) of white matter (WM), a frequently observed finding on MR in VLBW infants at a corrected term age.

Methods: This is a retrospective study. Qualitative visual assessment of cerebral WM signal intensity on T2WI was performed by two readers on 78 VLBW infants, scanned on a 1.

Role of CT perfusion in monitoring and prediction of response to therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

This review aims to summarize the technique and clinical applications of CT perfusion (CTp) of head and neck cancer. The most common pathologic type (90%) of head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC): its diagnostic workup relies on CT and MRI, as they provide an accurate staging for the disease by determining tumour volume, assessing its extension, and detecting of lymph node metastases. Compared with conventional CT and MRI, CTp allows for obtaining measures of tumour vascular physiology and functional behaviour, and it has been demonstrated to be a feasible and useful tool in predicting local outcomes in patients undergoing radiation therapy and chemotherapy and may help monitor both treatments.