Topical dihydrotestosterone to treat micropenis secondary to partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) before, during, and after puberty - a case series.

Background: X-linked partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) causes under-virilization at all stages of development. In two thirds of males, this results in micropenis. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a potent androgen that is critical for male genital development, which when applied topically, has been shown to increase penile length with micropenis of varying etiologies.

Medical and midwifery attitudes towards vitamin K prophylaxis in New Zealand neonates.

Aim: Neonates are at risk for potentially life-threatening vitamin K deficiency bleeding. This can be readily prevented with prophylactic vitamin K following delivery. In this context, most vitamin K-deficiency bleeding occurs in those whose parents decline newborn vitamin K.