Stachyose Exerts Anticolitis Efficacy by Re-balancing Treg/Th17 and Activating the Butyrate-Derived PPARγ Signaling Pathway.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a complex chronic inflammatory disease closely associated with gut homeostasis dysfunction. The previous studies have shown that stachyose, a functional food additive, has the potential to enhance gut health and alleviate UC symptoms. However, the underlying mechanism of its effects remains unknown.

Adoptive NK Cell Therapy - a Beacon of Hope in Multiple Myeloma Treatment.

Major advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) have been achieved by effective new agents such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, or monoclonal antibodies. Despite significant progress, MM remains still incurable and, recently, cellular immunotherapy has emerged as a promising treatment for relapsed/refractory MM. The emergence of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) technology has transformed immunotherapy by enhancing the antitumor functions of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, leading to effective control of hematologic malignancies.

Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Molecular Mechanisms and Tackling Strategies.

Cancer immunotherapy has fundamentally altered cancer treatment; however, its efficacy is limited to a subset of patients in most clinical settings. The immune system plays a key role in cancer progression from tumor initiation to the metastatic state. Throughout the treatment course, communications between the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and the immune macroenvironment, as well as interactions between the immune system and cancer cells, are dynamic and constantly evolving.

Inhibitory role of TRIP-Br1 oncoprotein in anticancer drug-mediated programmed cell death via mitophagy activation.

Chemotherapy has been widely used as a clinical treatment for cancer over the years. However, its effectiveness is limited because of resistance of cancer cells to programmed cell death (PCD) after treatment with anticancer drugs. To elucidate the resistance mechanism, we initially focused on cancer cell-specific mitophagy, an autophagic degradation of damaged mitochondria.

The regulation of insulin receptor/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor ratio, an important factor for breast cancer prognosis, by TRIP-Br1.

Much higher risk of cancer has been found in diabetes patients. Insulin receptor (IR) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) have been extensively studied in both breast cancer and diabetes therapies. Interestingly, a recent study proposed that IR/IGF1R ratio is an important factor for breast cancer prognosis.

SERTAD1 Sensitizes Breast Cancer Cells to Doxorubicin and Promotes Lysosomal Protein Biosynthesis.

Acquired chemoresistance of tumor cells is an unwanted consequence of cancer treatment. Overcoming chemoresistance is particularly important for efficiently improving cancer therapies. Here, using multiple lines of evidence, we report the suppressive role of SERTAD1 in apoptosis/anoikis.

Application of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle in oral drug delivery systems: prospects and challenges.

Oral drug delivery systems (ODDSs) have various advantages of simple operation and few side effects. ODDSs are highly desirable for colon-targeted therapy (e.g.

Immune-metabolic receptor GPR84 surrogate and endogenous agonists, 6-OAU and lauric acid, alter Brucella abortus 544 infection in both in vitro and in vivo systems.

Brucella abortus, one of the most important members of the genus Brucella responsible for human disease, is an intracellular pathogen capable of avoiding or interfering components of the host immune responses that are critical for its virulence. GPR84, on the other hand, is a seven-transmembrane GPCR involved in the inflammatory response and its induced expression was associated with B. abortus infection of RAW264.

Protection of palmitic acid treatment in RAW264.7 cells and BALB/c mice during 544 infection.

Background: We previously elucidated the protective mechanism of Korean red ginseng oil (RGO) against infection, and our phytochemical analysis revealed that palmitic acid (PA) was an abundant component of RGO. Consequently, we investigated the contribution of PA against .

Objectives: We aimed to investigate the efficacy of PA against infection using a murine cell line and a murine model.

Formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) antagonism is a potential target for the prevention of Brucella abortus 544 infection.

Here, we explore the potential role of formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) during Brucella abortus infection. FPR2 manipulation affected B. abortus internalization but not its growth within macrophages.

Immunization With a Combination of Four Recombinant Proteins Omp16, Omp19, Omp28, and L7/L12 Induces T Helper 1 Immune Response Against Virulent 544 Infection in BALB/c Mice.

Protective efficiency of a combination of four recombinant () proteins, namely outer membrane protein (Omp) 16, Omp19, Omp28, and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 was evaluated as a combined subunit vaccine (CSV) against infection in RAW 264.7 cell line and murine model. The immunoreactivity of these four recombinant proteins as well as pCold-TF vector reacted with -positive serum individually, but not with -negative serum by immunoblotting assay.

Global metabolomic analysis of blood from mice infected with Brucella abortus.

To better understanding Brucella abortus infection, serum metabolites of B. abortus-infected and -uninfected mice were analyzed and twenty-one metabolites were tentatively identified at 3 and 14 days post-infection (d.p.

Transcriptomic profiling of phospholipase A2 and the role of arachidonic acid during Brucella abortus 544 infection in both in vitro and in vivo systems.

To date, the antimicrobial activity of arachidonic acid (AA) with regard to pathogenesis of Brucella in macrophages is unknown. We found that AA is highly toxic to B. abortus in a time- and dose-dependent manner.

Prostaglandin I2 (PGI) inhibits Brucella abortus internalization in macrophages via PGI receptor signaling, and its analogue affects immune response and disease outcome in mice.

To date, the implications of prostaglandin I2 (PGI), a prominent lipid mediator for modulation of immune responses, has not been clearly understood in Brucella infection. In this study, we found that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was significantly expressed in both infected bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) and RAW 264.7 cells.

Modulatory Effect of Linoleic Acid During 544 Infection in Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells and Murine Model BALB/c Mice.

In this study, we investigated the effects of linoleic acid (LA) treatment on Brucella abortus infection in professional phagocyte RAW264.7 cells, particularly during the pathogens invasion and intracellular growth in these cells, as well as in murine model BALB/c mice focusing on bacterial splenic proliferation and immunoregulatory activities. LA inhibited the growth of in a doseand time-dependent manner.

Immunogenicity and protective response induced by recombinant Brucella abortus proteins Adk, SecB and combination of these two recombinant proteins against a virulent strain B. abortus 544 infection in BALB/c mice.

In this study, two recombinant proteins encoded by Brucella abortus genes Adk and SecB were evaluated as single subunit vaccine (SSV) as well as combined subunit vaccine (CSV) against B. abortus infection in BALB/c mice. These genes were cloned into pcold-TF expression system and recombinant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli DH5α.

Adenosine receptor Adora2b antagonism attenuates Brucella abortus 544 infection in professional phagocyte RAW 264.7 cells and BALB/c mice.

Brucella as a stealthy intracellular pathogen avoids activation of innate immune response. Here we investigated the contribution of an adenosine receptor, Adora2b, during Brucella infection in professional phagocyte RAW 264.7 cells and in a murine model.

β-Sitosterol Contributes in the Resistance to Invasion and Survival of 544 within RAW264.7 Cells, and Cytokine Production with Reduced Susceptibility to Infection in BALB/c Mice.

We previously identified β-sitosterol (BS) as one of the most abundant compounds found in Korean red ginseng oil. BS is a widely prevalent vegetable-derived phytosterol with many known health benefits. Here, we investigated the efficacy of BS against (.

Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade enhances resistance to bacterial internalization in RAW264.7 cells and AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, attenuates susceptibility to Brucella abortus 544 infection in a murine model.

We investigated the involvement of chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) signaling on the outcome of Brucella (B.) abortus 544 infection in murine macrophages and in a mouse model. CXCR4 manipulation were first evaluated for Brucella invasion and intracellular survival efficiency, mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK1/2, JNK, p38α) activation and generation of nitric oxide (NO), and then in the splenic bacterial proliferation and cytokine production in BALB/c mice.

Interleukin 6 Promotes Clearance by Controlling Bactericidal Activity of Macrophages and CD8 T Cell Differentiation.

To date, the implications of interleukin 6 (IL-6) for immune responses in the context of infection are still unknown. In the present study, we found that infection induced marked production of IL-6 in mice that was important for sufficient differentiation of CD8 T cells, a key factor in clearance. Blocking IL-6 signaling also significantly induced serum IL-4 and IL-10, together with a decreased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) level, suggesting that IL-6 is essential for priming the T-helper (Th) 1 cell immune response during infection.

Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α) restricts Brucella abortus 544 survival through promoting lysosomal-mediated killing and NO production in macrophages.

The interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines, particularly IL-1α and IL-1β, are potent regulators of innate immunity that play key roles in host defense against infection, hence we evaluated the role of these cytokines in the control of brucellosis within RAW 264.7 cells. Marked expression and secretion of IL-1α and IL-1β were observed during Brucella infection in macrophages.

The Key Role of c-Fos for Immune Regulation and Bacterial Dissemination in Infected Macrophage.

The cellular oncogene c-Fos (c-Fos) is a component of activator protein 1 (AP1), a master transcriptional regulator of cells. The suppression of c-Fos signaling by siRNA treatment resulted in significant induction of TLR4, which subsequently activates p38 and ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and enhances F-actin polymerization, leading to an increase in phagocytosis. During infection, c-Fos signaling is induced, which activates the downstream innate-immunity signaling cascade for bacterial clearance.

Effects of gallic acid on signaling kinases in murine macrophages and immune modulation against Brucella abortus 544 infection in mice.

In this study, we investigated the effects of gallic acid (GA) in intracellular signaling within murine macrophages and its contribution to host immunity during Brucella infection. In vitro analysis revealed that GA treatment decreased F-actin content and suppressed p38α phosphorylation level. In vivo analysis showed that GA treatment reduced inflammation and proliferation of Brucella in spleens of mice in comparison to PBS treatment yielding a significant protection unit.

Comparison of genetic variation between northern and southern populations of Lilium cernuum (Liliaceae): Implications for Pleistocene refugia.

The so-called "Baekdudaegan" (BDDG), a mountain range that stretches along the Korean Peninsula, has been recently proposed as a major "southern" glacial refugium for boreal or temperate plant species based on palaeoecological and, especially, genetic data. Genetic studies comparing genetic variation between population occurring on the BDDG and more northern ones (i.e.

Exposure risk assessment and evaluation of the best management practice for controlling pesticide runoff from paddy fields. Part 2: model simulation for the herbicide pretilachlor.

Background: Monitoring studies revealed high concentrations of pesticides in the drainage canal of paddy fields. It is important to have a way to predict these concentrations in different management scenarios as an assessment tool. A simulation model for predicting the pesticide concentration in a paddy block (PCPF-B) was evaluated and then used to assess the effect of water management practices for controlling pesticide runoff from paddy fields.