Sports Physiology in Adolescent Track-and-Field Athletes: A Narrative Review.

The present study aimed to review the physiological aspects of adolescent track-and-field (TAF) athletes. A search of Scopus on 27/12/2022 using the syntax ABS (track-and-field) AND ABS (children) OR ABS (adolescent) showed 121 documents, and 45 were considered for further analysis. In addition, handsearching was conducted to identify Russian literature missing in Scopus.

[Physiological Laws of Ontogenesis and Their Possible Applications to the Theory of Sports Training].

The article is an attempt of a theoretical analysis of the most important physiological laws of ontogenesis and their applicability to the process of adaptation to physical exercise as a result of sports training. The hypothesis of this analysis is that the basic physiological principles (laws) of the organism development can be used in the construction of sports training. Indeed, for the long-term adaptation are important principles of heterochrony and of periodization, while other systemic patterns that are typical for ontogenesis can not be observed in the process of adaptation to exercise or have some specific features of manifestation.

[The physiological analysis of cross adaptation to regular cold exposure and physical activities].

Research is devoted to the comparative analysis of results of cold adaptation and physical training. The adaptive shifts occurring in an organism under the influence of a hardening (douche by a cold shower 2 times a day 2 minutes long within 6 weeks) and running training on the treadmill (30 minutes at 70-80% of individual VO2max, 3 times a week, within 6 weeks) were compared at 6 the same subjects. The interval between the two cycles of training was no less than 3 months.

[Energetics of child's organisim: qualitative and quantitative specifics].

The review summarizes data on the age transformations of energy metabolism observed in the human ontogeny from birth to maturity. Shown that elevated basal energy in child is not associated with the activity of the growth processes. As maturing body structures qualitative changes of metabolic processes appear, which generally lead to economizing and expand functional range.

[Effect of training on treadmill performance, aerobic capacity and body reactions to acute cold exposure].

An attempt was made to test the hypothesis that regular physical activity at the anaerobic threshold is able to stimulate an increase in the amount of body fat brown or beige, which can manifest itself in increasing lactate utilization during exercise and increase the reactivity in response to acute regional cooling. The methods used are: ramp test, regional acute cold exposure, measurement of gas exchange, lactate and glucose in the blood, heart rate, and heart rate variability, blood pressure and respiration variability at rest and during standard functional tests; infrared thermal imaging, statistical methods of results analysis. Workout 10 physically active volunteers (7 males and 3 females) on a treadmill at a speed corresponding to 75-80% of the persona VO2max for 30 minutes 3 times per week at a fixed ambient temperature 21-22°C for 6 weeks resulted in a significant (from 19 to 39%) increase in test work duration but VO2max on average changed little.

[Physiological effects of ultra-marathon run].

We investigated the performance of vegetative systems of the body, and gas exchange in the implementation of one athlete (master of skiing, 27 years, MaxVO2 = 67 ml/min/kg) during 6 hours ultra-marathon race in a closed stadium at an average speed of 2.7 m/s. Continuous monitoring of heart rate was carried out using the heart rate monitor Polar RS 800.

[Skin temperature and lactate threshold during muscle work in sportsmen].

The purpose of the investigation was to estimate change of a thermal condition of an organism during exhausting work (maximal aerobic test) on cycle ergometer on the basis of studying of dynamics of temperature of a forehead skin. Regularly training 20 men have taken part in the research--sportsmen of various specializations (skiers, rock-climbers, boxers, etc.).

[Homeostatic non-shivering thermogenesis in man: facts and speculations].

In this review it is considered up-to date researches of different forms of non-shivering thermogenesis that related to thermoregulatory and substrate homeostasis. Term "homeostatic non-shivering thermogenesis (HNST)" is proposed for explanation of facultative heat production stimulated by cold exposure, food intake and accumulation of lactate during intensive muscle load. There are common and different features of physiological activity displayed in three HNST types.

[Human temperature portrait and its relations with aerobic working capacity and the level of blood lactate].

In study with participation of 53 healthy men volunteers and infra-red thermograph application we obtained data confirming thermal portrait (i.e. skin temperature distribution in muscle rest conditions with minimal thermoregulatory activation) interrelations with maximal aerobic capacity (r = +0.

[Some approaches to the countermeasure system for a mars exploration mission].

In article discussed physiological and methodical principles of the organization of training process and his (its) computerization during Martian flight in conditions of autonomous activity of the crew, providing interaction with onboard medical means, self-maintained by crew of the their health, performance of preventive measures, diagnostic studies and, in case of necessity, carrying out of treatment. In super long autonomous flights essentially become complicated the control of ground experts over of crew members conditions, that testifies to necessity of a computerization of control process by a state of health of crew, including carrying out of preventive actions. The situation becomes complicated impossibility of reception and transfer aboard the necessary information in real time and emergency returning of crew to the Earth.

Statistical and physiological distinction of constitution types.

Most conventional human health and function evaluation methods are based on a traditional notion that all the population characteristics follow the Gaussian distribution law with the parameters M and s forming the basis of the norm conception. But some known facts contradict this idea that requires checking the statistical homogeneity of population characteristics. Analysis of statistical distribution and central tendencies for simple measured indices in population and somatotypes samples proved an idea of natural population distinctions by a broad set of morpho-functional features (by means of 23-D matrix cluster analysis for different indices) and provided the scientific grounds to use a constitutional approach in human sciences and physical education as well.

[An expert system for controlling the physical training program of crews on long-term space missions].

The concept of in-flight expert system for controlling (ESC) the physical training program during extended, including Martian, space missions has been developed based on the literature dedicated to the microgravity countermeasures and a retrospective analysis of effectiveness of the known ESC methods. This concept and the principle of crew autonomy were used as prime assumptions for defining the structure of ESC-based training in long-duration and planetary missions.

[A treatment modality for children with heart and rheumatic diseases who are frequently ill with respiratory infections].

Our objective in this study was to carry out an immunological assessment of use of immunomodulating agents in a complex therapy of those children with poor health who are always ailing and present with cardiorheumatological pathology. A way for prevention of aggravation of cardiorheumatological pathology is submitted, involving the use of bronchomunal and narine according to the developed treatment regimen.

[Determination of differentially amplified ECG indices for the ventricular complex in healthy children and in children with heart and rheumatic diseases].

As many as fifty healthy children and juveniles who ranged between one to 18 years old were examined together with 25 children presenting with preexcitation syndromes (WPW-syndrome). Registered in all patients was the DAECG tracing. As a result of the studies made it has been found out that indices for the DAECG ventricular complex are age-dependent.