Immunomodulatory signalling networks in glioblastoma multiforme: a comprehensive review of therapeutic approaches.

Glioblastoma multiforme is a very aggressive type of cancer with high mortality and poor prognosis worldwide. Advanced treatment options with an understanding of the molecules and signalling mechanisms involved in this type of cancer have the potential to increase targeted therapy and decrease off-target effects, resistance, and recurrence. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) presents a complex tumour microenvironment with numerous cellular components and an extracellular matrix comprising multiple components.

Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Intercellular Communication in the Brain: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are minute lipid-bilayer sacs discharged by cells, encompassing a diverse array of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The identification of EVs as pivotal agents in intercellular communication has sparked compelling research pathways in the realms of cell biology and neurodegenerative diseases. Utilizing EVs for medicinal reasons has garnered interest due to the adaptability of EV-mediated communication.

Mechanisms of HIF-driven immunosuppression in tumour microenvironment.

Hypoxia arises due to insufficient oxygen delivery to rapidly proliferating tumour cells that outpace the available blood supply. It is a characteristic feature of most solid tumour microenvironments and plays a critical role in regulating anti-tumour immunity, enhancing tumoral heterogeneity, and promoting therapeutic resistance and poor clinical outcomes. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are the major hypoxia-responsive transcription factors that are activated under low oxygenation conditions and have been identified to drive multifunctional roles in tumour immune evasion.

Heat shock response in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius and first implications for cross-stress adaptation.

Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, a thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon, frequently encounters temperature fluctuations, oxidative stress, and nutrient limitations in its environment. Here, we employed a high-throughput transcriptomic analysis to examine how the gene expression of S. acidocaldarius changes when exposed to high temperatures (92 °C).

The oligomeric plasticity of Hsp20 of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius protects environment-induced protein aggregation and membrane destabilization.

Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are a ubiquitous family of molecular chaperones that rescue misfolded proteins from irreversible aggregation during cellular stress. Many such sHsps exist as large polydisperse species in solution, and a rapid dynamic subunit exchange between oligomeric and dissociated forms modulates their function under a variety of stress conditions. Here, we investigated the structural and functional properties of Hsp20 from thermoacidophilic crenarchaeon Sulfolobus acidocaldarius.

P-body-induced inactivation of let-7a miRNP prevents the death of growth factor-deprived neuronal cells.

RNA processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic RNA granules in eukaryotic cells that regulate gene expression by executing the translation suppression and degradation of mRNAs that are targeted to these bodies. P-bodies can also serve as storage sites for translationally repressed mRNAs both in mammalian cells and yeast cells. In this report, a unique role of mammalian P-bodies is documented.

Phosphorylation of Ago2 and Subsequent Inactivation of let-7a RNP-Specific MicroRNAs Control Differentiation of Mammalian Sympathetic Neurons.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally by base pairing to the target mRNAs in animal cells. KRas, an oncogene known to be repressed by let-7a miRNAs, is expressed and needed for the differentiation of mammalian sympathetic neurons and PC12 cells. We documented a loss of let-7a activity during this differentiation process without any significant change in the cellular level of let-7a miRNA.