Establishment of a CYP2C19 genotyping assay for clinical use.

Conversion of clopidogrel (Plavix) to its active metabolite is catalyzed largely by the P450 enzyme 2C19 (CYP2C19). Numerous allelic variants of CYP2C19 exist. The *1 allele is considered wild type, whereas the *2 and *3 alleles have no in vivo enzymatic activity.

Using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I-FISH) to detect the transfer of infant cells during breastfeeding.

Using fluorochrome-labeled probes for the X and Y chromosomes, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to test for the presence of male cells in the milk of women breastfeeding male babies. After breastfeeding, the women wiped one breast and collected a test sample. Wiping efficiency was evaluated in 2 mothers by running a solution over the nipple after wiping.

Histological characteristics of singleton placentas delivered before the 28th week of gestation.

Aims: The placenta is a record of the fetal environment and its examination may provide information about the baby's subsequent growth and development. We describe the histological characteristics of 947 singleton placentas from infants born between 23 and 27 weeks gestation.

Methods: Consent was obtained from mothers who delivered before 28 weeks (clinical estimate).

Triplet placentas: reference values for weights.

The occurrence of twins, triplets, and other multiple births increased significantly between 1970 and 2000 in the United States and other industrialized countries. The number of triplet placentas submitted for examination as pathologic specimens has also markedly increased, but no reference values are published for triplet weights. We examined 196 normal triplet placentas.

Expression of estrogen receptor beta in the fetal, neonatal, and prepubertal human prostate.

Background: Although androgens have long been implicated in the development, regulation, and pathophysiology of the prostate, evidence suggests that estrogens may also affect these processes. Specifically, estrogens have been shown to influence the development of the fetal and neonatal rodent prostate and to induce a pathognomonic change, termed squamous metaplasia, in the developing and adult prostate. Studies have been inconclusive, however, as to whether estrogens enhance or restrain the growth of the gland.