The involvement of multiple protease-antiprotease systems and gut origin sepsis in zymosan-associated endothelial barrier injury and multiple organ dysfunction in rats.

Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome is a dominant cause of mortality in the intensive care unit. Experimentally, a condition similar to the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome can be induced by the intraperitoneal injection of sterile zymosan. In the present study we investigate potential alterations in multiple organ functions, endothelial permeability, and antiproteinases after intraperitoneal injection of zymosan at various doses.

Beneficial effects of lexipafant, a PAF antagonist on gut barrier dysfunction caused by intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats.

Background: Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of intestinal ischemic injury.

Methods: The potential role of PAF in intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and the development of gut endothelial and epithelial barrier dysfunction and distant organ injury were investigated by pretreatment with a PAF antagonist, lexipafant. Bidirectional permeability of the intestinal barrier, enteric bacterial translocation, protease-antiprotease balance and mucosal histology, and also changes in pulmonary and liver endothelial barrier permeability were measured following intestinal ischemia for 40 min with 6 h of reperfusion in rats.

Effect of a platelet-activating factor antagonist on pancreatitis-associated gut barrier dysfunction in rats.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) may play a critical and primary role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis and pancreatitis-associated distant organ injury. The present study evaluated the effect of a PAF antagonist, lexipafant (an (S)-4-methyl-2[methyl-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-1-ylmethyl)-benzene sulphonyl]-amino]pentanoic acid ethyl ester, BB-882; British Biotech Ltd.), on the potential prevention of gut barrier dysfunction, by measuring gut origin sepsis, bidirectional permeability of the intestinal barrier, and pancreatic capillary endothelial barrier integrity, in acute pancreatitis induced by intraductal infusion of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate.

The role of intravenous administration of dextran 70 in enteric bacterial translocation after partial hepatectomy in rats.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of intravenous dextran on bacterial translocation and intestinal vascular endothelial and epithelial barrier function after experimental partial hepatectomy. We determined systemic arterial pressure, enteric bacterial growth (proximal and distal small intestine and colon) and bacterial translocation (BT) to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, lungs, spleen, kidneys and blood, as well as intestinal vascular endothelial and epithelial barrier permeability, after sham operation or partial hepatectomy (50% and 90%) with preoperative intravenous administration of saline, albumin or dextran 70. Subtotal hepatectomy induced a significant decrease in arterial pressure and an increase in the number of Escherichia coli in the distal small intestine.

Alterations in intestinal motility and microflora in experimental acute pancreatitis.

Conclusion: A delay in intestinal transit time appears as an early event in acute pancreatitis, preceding intestinal bacterial overgrowth and translocation.

Background: Septic complications, primarily caused by bacteria of enteric origin, are frequent in severe acute pancreatitis. Impairment in intestinal motility probably plays a pathophysiological role in the development of bacterial overgrowth and ensuing translocation.

Gut origin sepsis, macrophage function, and oxygen extraction associated with acute pancreatitis in the rat.

It has been suggested that the gut plays a role in the development of bacterial complications, which are important contributors to morbidity and mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. The present study evaluated the enteric bacterial translocation, bacterial homeostasis, and reticuloendothelial system function in experimental acute pancreatitis induced by intraductal injection of 5% sodium taurodeoxycholate in the rat. The incidence of bacterial translocation from the gut to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and lungs significantly increased after 12 hours and to the systemic circulation, ascites, and pancreas at 24 hours.

Cisapride prevents enteric bacterial overgrowth and translocation by improvement of intestinal motility in rats with acute liver failure.

Enteric bacterial overgrowth resulting from compromised gastrointestinal motility has been suggested to be important for the development of enteric bacterial translocation. In the present study, the effect of cisapride, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-4-receptor agonist and stimulant of intestinal motility, was evaluated concerning intestinal motility, as measured by intestinal transit time, enteric bacterial overgrowth, and bacterial translocation from the gut in rats with acute liver failure induced by 90% hepatectomy. The results demonstrated that (1) the incidence of bacterial translocation to the systemic and portal circulation as well as to the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs was nil, and 17-33% to MLN in hepatectomized animals treated with cisapride, i.

Cholecystokinin increases small intestinal motility and reduces enteric bacterial overgrowth and translocation in rats with surgically induced acute liver failure.

Enteric bacterial translocation into extraintestinal sites has been proposed as a potential route for bacterial infection in acute liver failure. Bacterial overgrowth in the intestine plays an important role in the etiology of bacterial translocation from the gut. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) on intestinal transit time, enteric bacterial overgrowth and translocation in experimental acute liver failure induced by 90% hepatectomy.

Bacterial translocation and intestinal capillary permeability following major liver resection in the rat.

Bacterial infections constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality after major liver resection and mechanisms of this type of complication have been poorly understood. The present study evaluated the translocation of enteric bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes, viscera, and the systemic circulation and gut capillary permeability of a fine ultrastructural tracer in rats subjected to sham hepatectomy or 70% hepatectomy. Furthermore, the preventive effects of water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) were studied.

The role of oral administration of oatmeal fermented by Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC on bacterial translocation after acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat.

Background: Previous experimental studies showed that a disturbed ecology of the enteric bacterial population might contribute to the occurrence of bacterial translocation from the gut in acute liver failure (ALF).

Methods: In the present study the effects of oral administration of exogenous Lactobacillus reuteri R2LC and oat fiber on bacterial overgrowth and translocation and on enterocyte protein contents were investigated in rats with ALF induced by subtotal liver resection. The oatmeal soup base was anaerobically inoculated with L.

Effects of a water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose on gut physiology, bacteriology, and bacterial translocation in acute liver failure.

Bacterial infection and bacteremia are common complications in patients with acute liver failure. Bacterial translocation from the gut has been suggested to be a major cause of bacterial infections in experimental acute liver failure. In the present study, a water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) was administered orally 1 and 24 hours prior to 90% hepatectomy in the rat in order to prevent bacterial translocation in experimental acute liver failure induced by subtotal liver resection in the rat.

Phospholipids prevent enteric bacterial translocation in the early stage of experimental acute liver failure in the rat.

Background: Bacterial infections and bacteremia in acute liver failure may at least partly be attributed to translocation of enteric bacteria. Attempts to prevent or treat such infections by the use of antibiotics may instead result in overgrowth of surviving microbes.

Methods: In the present study, normal saline (1.

Water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose: a new agent against bacterial translocation from the gut after major liver resection.

Background: Bacterial translocation from the gut to extraintestinal sites has been demonstrated as a mechanism explaining bacterial infectious complications after various insults.

Methods: To explore the potential therapeutic value of water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC). Its effects on macrophage phagocytic capacity, bacterial adherence on the intestinal surface, and bacterial growth were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro.

Obstructive jaundice impairs reticuloendothelial function and promotes bacterial translocation in the rat.

Septic complications and renal insufficiency following biliary tract surgery are frequently seen in patients with obstructive jaundice. The precise mechanisms for understanding the susceptibility of the jaundiced patients to sepsis are, however, not clear. The present study aimed at investigating the influence of biliary obstruction on the reticuloendothelial function and bacterial translocation at various time intervals in the rat.

Abdominal rubber drain piece aggravates intra-abdominal sepsis in the rat.

Biomaterials in the peritoneal cavity disrupt the physiology of the host and may cause bacterial translocation. The current study was performed to determine whether biomaterials exacerbate intra-abdominal infections. Adult male rats were divided into four groups: group 1, celiotomy+intraperitoneal (i.

Inhibition of bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice by muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine in the rat.

Obstructive jaundice is frequently associated with septic complications and enteric bacteria have been isolated from both the infectious focus and bile in jaundiced patients. The present study aimed to evaluate bacterial translocation and the influence of a macrophage-stimulant (muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine) on bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham operation (n = 10) or common bile-duct ligation and transection (n = 35).

Bacterial translocation, intestinal ultrastructure and cell membrane permeability early after major liver resection in the rat.

The process and route of bacterial translocation from the gut after major liver resection remain unclear. In the present study enteric bacterial translocation, enterocyte ultrastructure in the ileum and colon, the process and route of bacterial invasion and the permeability of the cell membrane system and blood-tissue barrier were evaluated in rats receiving sham operation, and 70 or 90 per cent hepatectomy. The incidence of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes was 80-100 per cent in rats 6 h after 70 per cent and 2-4 h after 90 per cent hepatectomy, and 80-100 per cent to the systemic circulation 2-4 h after 90 per cent hepatectomy but only 20 per cent to the portal vein.

The association between enteric bacterial overgrowth and gastrointestinal motility after subtotal liver resection or portal vein obstruction in rats.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that intestinal motility is delayed after hepatectomy, which alters the ecology of the enteric microflora and contributes to the development of bacterial translocation from the gut.

Design: Open experimental study.

Setting: University department of surgery.

Pulmonary infections of gut origin after major liver resection in rats.

Objective: To assess the incidence of translocation of enteric bacteria to the lungs in the early postoperative period (1, 2, 4, and 6 hours) after sham operation, 70% hepatectomy, and 90% hepatectomy.

Design: Randomised laboratory experiment.

Setting: University department.

Effect of portal hypertension on bacterial translocation induced by major liver resection in rats.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of portal hypertension on bacterial translocation from the gut caused by major hepatic resection.

Design: Randomised study.

Setting: University of Lund, Sweden.

Water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose prevents bacterial translocation induced by major liver resection in the rat.

Enteric bacteria might act as pathogens, translocating across the intestinal barrier to extraintestinal sites after major liver resection. In the current study, water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) was administered before hepatectomy to evaluate the influence on bacterial translocation induced by major liver resection, phagocytic capacity by visceral and circulating macrophages, enteric bacterial population, and bacterial adherence on the intestinal surface in rats subjected to sham operation or to 70% or 90% hepatectomy. Oral or intravenous (IV) administration of EHEC reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and blood after major liver resection.

The role of bile and bile acids in bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice in rats.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups in which group 1 received a sham operation (controls), groups 2-5 underwent common bile duct ligation and transection 14 days before the experiments. Two days prior to the studies, animals in groups 1 and 2 received saline orally, while groups 3-5 received an oral administration of either cholic acid, deoxycholic acid or whole bile. Specimens were taken for bacterial culture, and blood was collected for endotoxin assay.

Modification of reticuloendothelial function by muramyl dipeptide-encapsulated liposomes in jaundiced rats treated with biliary decompression.

Rats with 2 weeks of biliary obstruction, with and without 1 week of concomitant biliary decompression relieving the jaundice, were treated with physiologic saline, free muramyl dipeptide (MDP), placebo liposomes, or liposome-encapsulated MDP. Reticuloendothelial system (RES) function was evaluated by blood clearance of intravenously injected 125I-labelled Escherichia coli. The corrected phagocytic index (alpha) after 1 week of biliary decompression returned to normal levels in animals treated with MDP liposomes, whereas RES function was impaired (P < 0.

The influence of surgically induced acute liver failure on the intestine in the rat.

The influence of acute liver failure induced by 90% hepatectomy on the intestine was evaluated in the rat. Small-intestinal mucosal mass decreased 2 h after hepatectomy. Microvillous height decreased significantly from 1 h and on, and villous height and area in the distal small intestine from 2 h after operation.