Therapeutic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid in metabolic disorders: Current insights and future directions.

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is an essential compound in the biosynthesis of heme, playing a critical role in various physiological processes within the human body. This review provides the thorough analysis of the latest research on the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic benefits of 5-ALA in managing metabolic disorders. The ability of 5-ALA to influence immune response and inflammation, oxidative/nitrosative stress, antioxidant system, mitochondrial functions, as well as carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, is mediated by molecular mechanisms associated with the suppression of the transcription factor NF-κB signaling pathway, activation of the transcription factor Nrf2/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) system leading to the formation of heme-derived reaction products (carbon monoxide, ferrous iron, biliverdin, and bilirubin), which may contribute to HO-1-dependent cytoprotection through antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects.

: Botanical and ethnopharmacological insights, phytochemical investigations, and prospects in pharmacology and pharmacotherapy.

The purpose of this inquiry is to provide a conprehensive summary and analysis of the literature concerning the pharmacological properties of components that can be extracted from , a preparation in Chinese medicine. This study also aims to explore their potential application in elaborating medicinal products for the effective prevention and treatment of such conditions as urolithiasis, cholelithiasis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, pro-oxidant and inflammatory processes, etc. Several experimental studies confirmed the potential of to influence mineral metabolism, to decrease the concentration of constituents involved in the formation of urinary calculi, and to reduce mineral encrustation in the urinary tract, as well as to alleviate the damage caused by crystal structures.

Molecular mechanisms and potential applications of chondroitin sulphate in managing post-traumatic osteoarthritis.

Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA), a disorder of the synovium, subchondral bone, and cartilage that affects the entire joint, constitutes approximately 12% of all cases of symptomatic osteoarthritis. This review summarizes the pathogenetic mechanisms that underlie the positive influence of chondroitin sulphates (CSs) on PTOA as means of preventive and therapeutic treatment. Mechanisms of PTOA development involve chondrocytes undergoing various forms of cell death (apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis and/or necrosis).

[PATIENT SATISFACTION AS AN INDICATOR OF PATIENT ORIENTATION IN ORGANIZATION OF PAID MEDICAL SERVICES].

Nowadays, the idea of the patient as the main subject of medical care is being established in the public consciousness. It is around the patient that all types of professional medical activities and all forms of relationships with other subjects of modern health care are organized.In the professional sphere, this idea is seen as a principle of patient focus.

[The effect of the new coronavirus infection on the structure of children traumatism].

The traumatism, including children traumatism, is one of priority problem of health care in the Russian Federation. The indices of children traumatism and disability because of injuries are the most important indices of children health. They characterize quality of child care in family, depend on common norms of public behavior, reflect cases of aggression and violence in relationship of adults and children and in children communities.

[Models of community-based psychiatric care in Italy and England].

The Aim Of The Study: Is to study and compare models of out-of-hospital psychiatric care in different countries-Italy and England.

Unlabelled: In the Italian model of community-based psychiatric care, institutions have been created - homes for permanent residence with a security regime (REMS), the most common of which are intensive (or assertive) treatment in the community and mandatory outpatient treatment. The form of intensive treatment is an active and long-term maintenance and treatment of patients.

[The ways of developing management of organization and caring of women with diagnosis of habitual non-carrying of pregnancy].

In Russia, in conditions of reproductive crisis of modern family, miscarriage IS one of the important problems, in particular habitual miscarriage as significant risk factor of development of maternal and perinatal pathology. The timely identification and medical care support of pregnant women suffering from habitual miscarriage is essential in ensuring and maintaining their reproductive health. To obtain reliable and objective information by control boards on effectiveness of organization and provision of obstetric care to women with diagnosis of habitual miscarriage is an actual task.

[Cysteine cathepsins: structure, physiological functions and their role in carcinogenesis].

Cysteine cathepsins (Cts) also known as thiol proteinases belong to the superfamily of cysteine proteinases (EC 3.4.22).

[The development of management of medical organizations providing specialized primary medical sanitary care to mental patients].

Actually, in Russian health care, the organization of community-based medical care of patients with mental disorders is considered as one of requested problems to be resolved. The in-patient substituting forms of specialized primary medical and social care for mental patients create optimal conditions for treatment and rehabilitation of this group of patients without separation from familiar social environment, that in many ways reduces "personality stigmatization" and promotes returning of individual to full-fledged social life, decreasing the load on the most expensive hospital care. One of such organizational forms implemented in Moscow under the new model of provision of mental care is out-patient mental module that provides specialized primary medical and social care and is tested in conditions of basic medical organization.

[The role of saturated fatty acids in impaired lipid metabolism in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome].

Objective: To determine the content and role of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in lipid metabolism disorder in patients with alcohol dependence syndrome (ADS).

Material And Methods: A total of 123 men were examined: 44 patients with ADS and 79 healthy people. The patients were examined on the 5-6 day after admission to the hospital.

QUANTUM CHEMICAL MODELING OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GLUTATHIONE INTERACTING WITH HYDROXYL- AND SUPEROXIDE ANION RADICALS.

Following the analysis of the results of quantum chemical simulation of interaction between a GSH molecule and oxygen radicals ∙OH and ∙OO-, it was found that it takes place through the acid-base mechanism, where GSH acts as a base towards ∙OH, and as an acid towards ∙OO-. The results of quantum chemical calculations (electron density redistribution, energy characteristics) were correlated at the time of interaction of a GSH molecule with ∙OH and ∙OO- with a change of macroscopic parameters ofthe process of free oxygen, radical electroreduction in the presence of GSH (potential and maximum current of reduction waves), which is a direct experimental macroscale, evidence of results ofthe conducted nanoscale theoretical simulation.

Sensory neurons derived from diabetic rats have diminished internal Ca2+ stores linked to impaired re-uptake by the endoplasmic reticulum.

Distal symmetrical sensory neuropathy in diabetes involves the dying back of axons, and the pathology equates with axonal dystrophy generated under conditions of aberrant Ca2+ signalling. Previous work has described abnormalities in Ca2+ homoeostasis in sensory and dorsal horn neurons acutely isolated from diabetic rodents. We extended this work by testing the hypothesis that sensory neurons exposed to long-term Type 1 diabetes in vivo would exhibit abnormal axonal Ca2+ homoeostasis and focused on the role of SERCA (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase).

Bi-directional modulation of fast inhibitory synaptic transmission by leptin.

The hormone leptin has widespread actions in the CNS. Indeed, leptin markedly influences hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity. However, the effects of leptin on fast inhibitory synaptic transmission in the hippocampus have not been evaluated.

Primary biliary cirrhosis and coronary atherosclerosis: protective antioxidant effect of bilirubin.

Increased concentration of lipid peroxidation products in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis is related to elevation of serum lipid content, but not to activation of lipid peroxidation. Hyperbilirubinemia in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis is accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products and increase in antioxidant activity of blood serum. Antioxidants play a major role in the prevention of atherosclerosis.

Changes in disease activity, cytokine production, and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after simvastatin treatment.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in disease activity, cytokine profiles, and proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with simvastatin.

Methods: Thirty-three patients with active RA were prescribed simvastatin (40 mg/day) for 3 months. Most of the patients received background traditional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in stable doses.

Leptin and its role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

It is well documented that the hormone leptin plays a pivotal role in regulating food intake and body weight via its hypothalamic actions. However, leptin receptors are expressed throughout the brain with high levels found in the hippocampus. Evidence is accumulating that leptin has widespread actions on CNS function and in particular learning and memory.

Frequent hypermethylation of 5' flanking region of TIMP-2 gene in cervical cancer.

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is an endogenous inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This multifunctional protein regulates activities of MMPs and possesses growth promoting effect in cell culture, anti-tumoral, anti-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effects in animal model systems in vivo. It has been shown that this gene is downregulated in cervical carcinomas.

Neuronal endoplasmic reticulum acts as a single functional Ca2+ store shared by ryanodine and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors as revealed by intra-ER [Ca2+] recordings in single rat sensory neurones.

We addressed the fundamentally important question of functional continuity of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) store in nerve cells. In cultured rat dorsal root ganglion neurones we measured dynamic changes in free Ca(2+) concentration within the ER lumen ([Ca(2+)](L)) in response to activation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (InsP(3)Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs). We found that both receptors co-exist in these neurones and their activation results in Ca(2+) release from the ER as judged by a decrease in [Ca(2+)](L).

Ca2+ stores and Ca2+ entry differentially contribute to the release of IL-1 beta and IL-1 alpha from murine macrophages.

Interleukin-1 is a primary mediator of immune responses to injury and infection, but the mechanism of its cellular release is unknown. IL-1 exists as two agonist forms (IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta) present in the cytosol of activated monocytes/macrophages. IL-1 beta is synthesized as an inactive precursor that lacks a signal sequence, and its trafficking does not use the classical endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi route of secretion.

Monitoring of free calcium in the neuronal endoplasmic reticulum: an overview of modern approaches.

The concentration of free calcium within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum ([Ca2+]L) fluctuates between 100 and 1000 microM. High [Ca2+]L provides an electro-driving force for Ca2+ release and supports high Ca2+ diffusion rate within the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. Fluctuations in [Ca2+]L also regulate numerous chaperones, responsible for postranslational protein processing.

Xestospongin C empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release in cultured dorsal root ganglia neurones.

The action of Xestospongin C (XeC) on calcium concentration in the cytosol ([Ca2+]i) and within the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ([Ca2+]L) was studied using cultured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurones. Application of 2.5 microM of XeC triggered a slow [Ca2+]i transient as measured by Fura-2 video-imaging.

Ca(2+) dynamics in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum in sensory neurons: direct visualization of Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release triggered by physiological Ca(2+) entry.

In cultured rat dorsal root ganglia neurons, we measured membrane currents, using the patch-clamp whole-cell technique, and the concentrations of free Ca(2+) in the cytosol ([Ca(2+)](i)) and in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ([Ca(2+)](L)), using high- (Fluo-3) and low- (Mag-Fura-2) affinity Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent probes and video imaging. Resting [Ca(2+)](L) concentration varied between 60 and 270 microM. Activation of ryanodine receptors by caffeine triggered a rapid fall in [Ca(2+)](L) levels, which amounted to only 40--50% of the resting [Ca(2+)](L) value.

Impairment of respiratory functions in mitochondria of rats with an inherited hyperproduction of free radicals.

The functional characteristics of liver mitochondria and physical-chemical properties of mitochondrial membranes were studied in S rats with congenitally enhanced capacity to free radical generation in comparison to those in Wistar rats. It was shown previously that intense lipid peroxidation, numerous DNA rearrangements, protein oxidation, morbid states resembling human degenerative diseases and short life-span are characteristic of S rats. In present study we have demonstrated that in S rats at the age of 2-3 months the respiratory rate of the mitochondria in active metabolic state is lower than in Wistar rats, and so are the values for the respiratory control ratio, oxidative phosphorylation and membrane potential.