[Evolution of enhanced recovery after surgery: from the beginning of the study of stress to the introduction in emergency surgery].

Effectiveness of enhanced recovery program is being earnestly confirmed in various surgical areas. Certain aspects of fast track rehabilitation are analyzed in the article.

[Clinical perspectives of the study of RANK/RANKL/OPG system components in primary and metastatic bone tumor].

Disbalance of bone homeostasis, associated with malfunctioning of RANK/RANKL/OPG system underlies the oncological processes such as the destruction of bone, metastasis development, tumor progression. Pathological activity of system was described in such conditions, as breast cancer, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma, squamous cell carcinoma, Hodgkin's disease, and also metastasis in bones from lung cancer and other malignant diseases. In the literature, there is evidence of involvement of RANK/RANKL/OPG system in the pathogenesis of bone tumors (osteosarcoma, giant cell tumor of bone, chondroblastoma).

[Delivery of surgical care on naval ships: formation, development, and current stage].

Acute surgical diseases were and remain one of the most important problems of the organization of medical care and treatment of patients in the conditions of long distant sea voyage, when there is no possibility for medical evacuation. We analyzed the positive experience of surgical care in the sea, gained by Soviet and then and by Russian Navy physicians. As we haven't registered significant changes in morbidity of Navy crewmembers, we think that studying and creative application of this experience will have the positive effect.

[Experience of using of octreotide-depot in prevention of the development and treatment of external pancreatic fistulas of different genesis].

In the period from 2011 till 2012 the Otcreotide-depot was used by the authors in treatment of 34 patients. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group--the prevention of development and the second group--the treatment of external pancreatic fistulas. Ocreotide-depot was applied in 17 patient of the first group: as part of the complex therapy of severe pancreatitis in 4 patients and after pacreaticoduodenectomy in 13 patients.

[Aspects of development of surgical service of modem Navy].

The article is devoted to the aspects of a current state of surgical service in the Navy, prospects of development of professianl training for navy surgeons, formation of modern training comlex, united electronic library, containig the issues about combat surgical trauma, software technologies, realizing of the application methodology during the process of training and practical activity for the development of the training system for surgeons of Navy and improvement of effectiveness. Formation of normative technical documents, regulating activity of navy surgians is also among the expectations. The authors also touched on the issues of development of modern technologies in bone grafting with the help of domestic implants based on the osteoinductive nanostructured nonorganic matrices (titanium) with defined structure and composition.

[Original molecular cytogenetic approach to determining spontaneous chromosomal mutations in the interphase cells to evaluate the mutagenic activity of environmental factors].

Standard cytogenetic methods are presently used to analyze chromosome anomalies in human somatic cells in order to evaluate the mutagenic activity of environmental factors. Their application is associated with the fact that uncultured cells cannot be analyzed. In this connection there is an urgent need to devise and introduce studies of the number and structure of interphase chromosomes.

[Chromosomal mosaicism in spontaneous abortions: analysis of 650 cases].

It is known that up to 50% spontaneous abortions (SA) in the first trimester of pregnancy are associated with chromosomal abnormalities. We studied mosaic forms of chromosomal abnormalities in 650 SA specimens using interphase mFISH and DNAprobes for chromosomes 1,9, 13/21, 14/22, 15, 16, 18, X, and Y. Numerical chromosomal abnormalities were discovered in 58.

[Instability of chromosomes in human nerve cells (normal and with neuromental diseases)].

It is assumed that the genetic mechanism of pathogenesis of such widely spread neural and mental diseases as schizophrenia (SZ), autism, ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with structural and functional genomi? instaility in brain cells. Aneuploidy is one of the most important biological markers of genomic instability. The currently available methods of molecular cytogenetics (I-mFISH, QFISH, and ICS-MCB) facilitate the solution of numerous fundamental biological problems, including analysis ofgenomic variations in brain cells.

[Molecular cytogenetic methods for studying interphase chromosomes in human brain cells].

One of the main genetic factors determining the functional activity of the genome in somatic cells, including brain nerve cells, is the spatial organization of chromosomes in the interphase nucleus. For a long time, no studies of human brain cells were carried out until high-resolution methods of molecular cytogenetics were developed to analyze interphase chromosomes in nondividing somatic cells. The purpose of the present work was to assess the potential of high-resolution methods of interphase molecular cytogenetics for studying chromosomes and the nuclear organization in postmitotic brain cells.

Variability in the heterochromatin regions of the chromosomes and chromosomal anomalies in children with autism: identification of genetic markers of autistic spectrum disorders.

Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis of children with autism (90 subjects) and their mothers (18 subjects) is presented. Anomalies and fragility were found in chromosome X in four cases of autism: mos 47,XXX[98]/46, XX[2]; 46,XY,r(22)(p11q13); 46,XY,inv(2)(p11.2q13),16qh-; and 46,Y,fra(X)(q27.

[Ganglioneuroblastoma in Yemenite chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus): the first recorded case of a tumor of neuroectodermal histogenesis in reptiles].

Nerve tissue tumors are rarely encountered in reptiles and mainly represented by some documented cases of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST). The paper is the first to describe a tumor mimicking MPNST by some ultrastructural features of tumor cells; however, significantly differing in the combination of immunohistochemical characteristics. Based on the data of electronic microscopy, immunohistochemistry, cytology, and histology, the tumor was classified as ganglioneuroblastoma.

[Variations of heterochromatic chromosomal regions and chromosome abnormalities in children with autism: identification of genetic markers in autistic spectrum disorders].

In the present study, the cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic analysis of 90 children with autism and their mothers (18 subjects) was carried out. Chromosome fragility and abnormalities were found in four cases: mos 47,XXX[98]/ 46,XX[2]; 46,XY,r(22)(p11q13); 46,XY,inv(2)(p11.2q13),16qh-; 46Y,fra(X)(q27.

[Quantitative analysis of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) signals for molecular cytogenetic diagnosis].

Molecular cytogenetic diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations, by using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) requires the introduction of quantitative approaches to estimating hybridization signals. Specifically, this estimation is required for the differentiation of monosomy and for the superposition of the signals in the diagnosis of mosaic forms of chromosomal syndromes, as well for the determination of the parental origin of homologous chromosomes. The present paper proposes an approach to rapidly estimating FISH signals, based on image capture by a CCD digital chamber and a fluorescence microscope, and to measuring the intensity of hybridization signals.

[Diagnosis of numerical chromosomal aberrations in the cells of spontaneous abortions by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (MFISH)].

According to different estimates, as high as 15-20% of all the pregnancies result in spontaneous abortions (SA) at different gestational periods. Identification of abnormalities leading to SA is of great importance for practical medicine, mainly for medical genetic counseling of married couples with impaired reproductive function. The diagnosis of chromosomal aberrations on the basis of SA materials is known to have a number of methodological difficulties.

[Molecular cytogenetic study of Robertsonian translocation 13;14 and Down syndrome in a 3-year-old infant].

We describe here a rare case of Robertsonian translocation 13;14 of maternal origin combined with regular trisomy 21 (46,XX,der(13;14)(q10;q10)mat,+21) with Down syndrome phenotype. Molecular cytogenetic studies allowed us to determine the maternal origin of additional chromosome 21 and the non-disjunction of chromosome 21 to occur in meiosis I. On the basis of data obtained we discuss the possible involvement of structural alterations of chromosomes 13 and 14 in the chromosome 21 non-disjunction.

[Primary renal osteosarcoma].

A rare case of a primary kidney osteosarcoma with fusiform and bone component is described in a 38-year-old male.

[Application of meloxicam in scheme of prophylaxis of postoperative complications in patients with an acute ileus of tumoral etiology].

Meloxicam application in complex of prophylactic treatment of patients with colonic cancer, complicated by an acute obturation ileus, had promoted the lowering of postoperative complications rate, caused by inhibition of the inflammation mediators synthesis and connected with him pathologic reactions of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).

[Bone tumors: classification, nomenclature, diagnostic problems].

Main principles of current classification and nomenclature of bone tumours and tumour-like lesions are presented. Association of pathological processes in the skeletons with functional features of certain anatomophysiological zones and processes of skeleton growth acceleration is shown. Main principles of bone tumours diagnosis are formulated and difficulties associated with lack of clinical information are outlined.

[Prognostic significance of p53, HER-2/neu, Ki-67 and VEGF expression in chondrosarcomas].

Expression of the mutant protein-suppressor of tumor growth p53 and the receptor of epidermal growth factor of type II--HER-2/neu may serve as prognostic factors for patients with chondrosarcoma of malignancy grade II. Combined expression of these proteins in the tumor tissue correlates with shorter 5-year survival of recurrence-free patients. The data obtained may be used for prognosis of chondrosarcoma course and choice of adequate therapy.