[Provisionality phenomenon in the histo- organo- and systemogenesis].

This review summarizes the results of the study of the provisionality phenomenon in the development of the organs of the urinary system (mesonephros, metanephros) in viviparous (human, rat) and oviparous (bird) amniotes, human organs of mixed origin (pituitary, ovary, stomodeum) reparative regeneration of supporting tissues (in humans and Syrian hamster), morphogenesis of primary hepatic cancer developing against the background of superinvasive opisthorchiasis. It is shown that during the development of tissues and organs, the stages of provisional and definitive histo- and organogenesis could be determined; saltatory mechanism is typical for embryonic organogenesis (formation of cartilaginous skeletal primordia, meso- and metanephrons) and foci of oncogenesis. Transformation zones of the type of tissue organization in the epithelium are located in the areas of contacts of the derivatives of different embryonic primordia.

[The specific features of regenerative processes of hip and shin fractures in patients with superinvasion opisthorchiasis].

Opisthorchis superinvasion retains the natural manifestations of reparative regeneration of skeletal tissues, but activates proliferation stages and increases the promoter manifestations of histogenesis. Irrespective of a surgical option, the rate of infestation, and the place of residence, reparative regeneration of shaft fractures of the shin and hip occurs significantly more rapidly in patients with superinvasion opisthorchiasis than in those without the latter. In superinvasion opisthorchiasis, bone is restituted by early callus formation and accelerated regenerate mineralization.

Embryonic morphogenesis of the human pituitary.

Light microscopy methods were used to study the main stages in the organogenesis of the pituitary in human embryos at Carnegie stages (CS) 12-23. Rathke's pouch (RP) was shown to form as a traction fold over whole width of the roof of the stomodeum in embryos at CS 12 due to a flexure of the neural tube with which the epithelium had a tight anatomical relationship (the attached part of the anterior wall of the RP) in the median plane of the embryo. The rudiment of the hypothalamic infundibulum and neurohypophysis formed at CS 15, as a thickening of the posterior wall of the diencephalon.

[Human pituitary embryonic morphogenesis].

Basic stages of pituitary gland organogenesis were studied using the methods of light microscopy in human embryos at Carnegie stages (CS) 12-23 (25-57 postovulatory days). It is shown that Rathke's pouch (RP) is formed like a traction fold along the whole width of the stomodeum roof in embryos at CS 12 as a result of a neural tube bend, to which the epithelium is closely connected anatomically (attached part of RP front wall) in the middle plane of the embryo. At CS 15 the primordia of hypothalamic infundibulum and of neurohypophysis are formed as a thickening of diencephalic posterior wall.

[Role of provisionality principle in realization of phylembryogeneses].

The analysis of histogenesis of skeletogenic tissues and of organogenesis of the mesonephros and metanephros in higher mammalian animals and man, is presented. The new conception of provisionality is formulated, according to which embryonic primordium and/or its derivatives possess a determined capacity to form, on its course to definitive state, temporary structures (tissues or organs), which fulfil the vital functions in the developing organism and modeling the mechanisms of development and formation of structural and functional units or the whole organ at the level of definitive morphological substrate. Provisionality is regarded as the universal principle in realization of of phylembryogeneses.

[Concept of critical stenosis in cardial surgery].

When stenosis of a large artery reaches about 75% of its lumen blood flow distal to obstruction abruptly falls and ceases to play decisive role for the region it supplies. This region survives due to opening of collaterals. This allows to cross-clamp coronary artery for 20-30 minutes and to create distal anastomosis during aorto-coronary venous or mammary coronary artery bypass grafting without artificial circulation.

[Arterial switch operation in reconstructive surgery].

Arterial switch is a relatively novel surgical approach aimed at augmentation of blood flow at the account of less important arterial branches. The method consists in suturing vessels of different diameter end to end and end to side. Arterial switch is used for perfusion of donor organs, kidney in particular.

[Fibrin glue in cardiovascular surgery].

A variant of fibrin glue has been designed. This glue can be prepared on the basis of cryoprecipitation in departments of blood transfusion (fibrinogen concentration 60-90 g/l). The glue has been used in urgent abdominal and cardiac surgery in particular for facilitation of hemostasis after sternotomy and suturing of the aorta, pulmonary artery and atria.

[Management of combined thoracoabdominal wounds].

Last years in the country gace rise to the problem of treatment of fire-arm's wounds in civil population. The results of treatment of victims with firearm thoracoabdominal wounds have evidenced unprepareness of surgeons for rendering specialized aid in conditions of "military-urban" surgery. The study performed by the authors has shown that there are substantial and principal differences between many postulates of war-field surgery and "military-urban" surgery.

[Inheritable phenotypic normalization of rodent cells transformed by simian adenovirus SA7 E1 oncogenes by singled-stranded oligonucleotides complementary to a long region of integrated oncogenes].

G11 mouse cells and SH2 rat cells transformed with simian adenovirus SA7 DNA showed inheritable oncogen-specific phenotypic normalization when treated with sense and antisense oligonucleotides complementary to long RNA sequences, plus or minus strands of the integrated adenovirus oncogenes E1A and E1B. Transitory treatment of the cells with the oligonucleotides in the absence of serum was shown to cause the appearance of normalized cell lines with fibroblastlike morphology, slower cell proliferation, and lack of ability to form colonies in soft agar. Proliferative activity and adhesion of the normalized cells that established cell lines were found to depend on the concentration of growth factors in the cultural medium.

[Current aspects of hemodynamic compensation and surgical treatment in aortic valve diseases].

The paper analyzes the data on the examination and surgical treatment of 426 (313 males and 113 females) patients aged from 16 to 60 years with various aortic valvular diseases. Isolated aortic stenosis was detected in 122 (28.6%) patients, isolated aortic failure in 128 (30.

[Assessment of the frequency of finding polymorphic alleles of the human X-chromosome locus DXS52 in the Muscovite population].

The frequency of different polymorphic variants of the multiallelic locus DXS52 (St14) of the human X-chromosome, adjacent to the factor VIII gene, was evaluated by means of PCR for the heterogeneous population of Moscow and Moscow oblast'. It was shown that the heterozygosity index of this polymorphism in the studied population is much lower (0.71) than in Western Europe (0.

[Spectrum of DNA haplotypes and beta-thalassemia mutations linked with them in the Azerbaijan Republic].

Haplotyping of the beta-globin gene cluster was performed on DNA samples from 110 Azerbaidzhanian beta-thalassemic patients and their families. During this study, we found 18 different haplotypes and determined the frequency of their occurrence. Nine of these haplotypes have never been observed earlier in the studied population.

[Use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect beta-thalassemia mutations in heterozygous carriers from Azerbaijan while performing prenatal DNA-diagnosis].

Prenatal DNA-diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in a family from Azerbaijan revealed two mutations new for this region--G-A transition at codon 15 and G-C transversion at position 5 of the intron 1. Prenatal diagnosis was carried out by direct sequencing of in vitro amplified (PCR) beta-globin gene fragments with a modified Sanger technique using thermostable DNA polymerase. The absence of parents mutations in the fetal DNA allowed us to conclude that the fetus is normal.

[A PCR-system of analyzing polymorphic markers in gamma-A and gamma-G globin genes and gene for human blood coagulation factor IX with an internal control of the completeness of restriction hydrolysis].

New systems are proposed for the PCR analysis of HindIII polymorphic sites in the gamma A and gamma G globin genes and of TaqI polymorphic site in the human factor IX gene of blood population. DNA fragments amplified according to the systems described contain constant restriction site of the appropriate endonuclease, in addition to the polymorphic one, which significantly improves the reliability of the RELP analysis. The systems proposed are highly specific and may be used for DNA diagnosis of beta-thalassemia and haemophilia B.

[A case of prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia by polymerase chain reaction].

The prenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia in the Udin family, where the parents were the carriers of 2 bp deletion in the codon 8 (-AA) was undertaken using PCR. Five polymorphic restriction endonuclease sites in the beta-globin gene region were tested. They are: 2 HindIII sites in the gamma G and gamma A genes, 2 HincII sites located in the pseudogene and in its 3'-flanking region, and the AvaIII site in the second exon of the beta-globin gene.

[Molecular nature of beta-thalassemia in Tajikistan: a four base pair deletion in codons 41-42 of the beta-globin gene].

Thirty tajiks, whose relatives had beta-thalassemia traits (revealed in previous investigations by determination of the HbA-2 and HbF levels) were selected to screen beta-thalassemia mutations. DNA samples from each individual were subjected to the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to amplify the 635 bp beta-globin gene fragment. One additional band was detected in three samples after the amplified fragment underwent electrophoresis in 2% agarose gel and the EtBr was stained, and two additional ones were revealed by 6% PAAGE and staining of the EtBr.

[Effects of vitamins A, E, C and P on intensity of blood coagulation in experimental animals].

In experiment on white rats it was shown that preventive 12-day administration of vitamins A, E, C, P decreases the death rate of animals with exogenous thromboplastinemia and reduces hemocoagulative changes, microcirculation disorders, destructive changes of functionally active elements of inner organs. The protective effect of the above vitamins combination in thromboplastinemia is promoted by hypoactivity of platelet aggregation, by low thromboplastic activity of erythrocytes, by limited destruction of vascular endothelium.

[The possibility of determining the functional status of the hypertrophied myocardium in multiple valvular defects of the heart].

A comprehensive angiocardiographic study with computer-aided data processing were performed in 46 patients (mean age 34.2 years) with multivalvular diseases. Thirty two patients were diagnosed as having mitral and aortic defect, 14 had mitral, aortic and tricuspid defect.

[Oncogene-directed mutagenesis in vivo. Polyalkylating derivatives of short single-stranded polynucleotides, complementary E1-adeno-oncogene, in the normalization of adenovirus-transformed rodent cell lines].

Polyalkylating derivatives of single-stranded polynucleotides (30-200-mers) complementary to the long E1 oncogene sequences of simian adenovirus SA7 cause inherited normalization of SH2 and G11 cells transformed with adenovirus SA7; certain deletions in the integrated proviral E1A oncogene were observed in several cases during this process. The transformed cells are indifferent to reagents noncomplementary to the E1 region. Thus polyalkylating derivatives of single-stranded 30-200-mers act as addressed mutagenes which react in a specific way with the integrated complementary DNA sequences of E1 oncogene in transformed rodent cells and realize oncogene-directed mutagenesis in vivo.

[Penetration of oligo/polynucleotides and their polyalkylating derivatives into rat cells transformed by simian adenovirus DNA].

The transport regularity of the [32P]-oligo/polynucleotides and their polyalkylating derivatives into SH2 rat cells transformed with SA7 adenovirus DNA was investigated. Derivatives penetrate the SH2 cells and their distribution in the subcellular fractions are proportional to the concentration of reagent in the medium. The transport efficiency of the derivatives is inhibited sharply with cell concentration increase and practically does not depend on the action of cell metabolism inhibitors.

[Detection of carriers of hemophilia A by testing for HindIII polymorphism in the factor VIII gene by PCR].

Representatives of 62 families from Moscow and Leningrad with haemophilia A observed in the pedigree were tested for HindIII polymorphism in the factor VIII gene. The proposed scheme of investigation was based on intron 19 of the FVIII gene amplification by the PCR technique followed by restriction analysis with the inner control of hydrolysis. 207 unrelated X-chromosomes were analysed, the frequency of the incidence of the polymorphic HindIII site in the given population found to be 0.