Comparison of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% and rimexolone 1% to control inflammation after cataract extraction. Prospective randomized double-masked study.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac tromethamine 0.5%) with that of a topical steroid (rimexolone 1%) to control inflammation after cataract surgery.

Setting: Storm Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

Effects of creosote exposure on rainbow trout pronephros phagocyte activity and the percentage of lymphoid B cells.

An outdoor microcosm study was conducted in order to evaluate the kinetics of immunomodulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to liquid creosote. Fish were sampled on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 from microcosms dosed initially with 0, 3, and 10 microl/L of creosote. Pronephros leukocytes were monitored for phagocytic activity, oxidative burst, and surface immunoglobulin-positive (Slg+) B-cell counts.

Response of zooplankton communities to liquid creosote in freshwater microcosms.

In this study, the response of zooplankton communities to single applications of liquid creosote in model aquatic ecosystems (microcosms) was evaluated. Liquid creosote was applied to 14 microcosms at concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 109 mg/L.

Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids: V. Combining landscape-level exposures and ecotoxicological effects data to characterize risks.

Since their introduction, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides have generated regulatory concerns regarding their toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates. In this paper we assess the potential for risks to aquatic ecosystems in cotton-growing areas, focusing on cypermethrin as a suitable representative of the pyrethroid class and static water bodies (ponds and lakes) as worst-case water bodies because of low levels of dilution. Reviews of cypermethrin effects under laboratory and field conditions have characterized the potential aquatic effects of the chemical.

Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids: II. Aquatic mesocosm and field studies.

Results of mesocosm and field studies with cypermethrin and esfenvalerate were analyzed and interpreted to support an ecological risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids in aquatic ecosystems. A core group of seven mesocosm studies conducted on two continents over the course of a decade were examined, and additional observations from mesocosm and field studies with these and other cotton pyrethroids were also brought to bear. The results for cypermethrin and esfenvalerate were remarkably consistent.

Probabilistic risk assessment of cotton pyrethroids: I. Distributional analyses of laboratory aquatic toxicity data.

This is the first in a series of five papers that assess the risk of the cotton pyrethroids in aquatic ecosystems in a series of steps ranging from the analysis of effects data through modeling exposures in the landscape. Pyrethroid insecticides used on cotton have the potential to contaminate aquatic systems. The objectives of this study were to develop probabilistic estimates of toxicity distributions, to compare these among the pyrethroids, and to evaluate cypermethrin as a representative pyrethroid for the purposes of a class risk assessment of the pyrethroids.

Chlorophyll fluorescence as a bioindicator of effects on growth in aquatic macrophytes from mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Chlorophyll-a fluorescence induction is a rapid technique for measuring photosynthetic electron transport in plants. To assess chlorophyll-a fluorescence as a bioindicator of effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures, chlorophyll-a fluorescence parameters and plant growth responses to exposure to the wood preservative creosote were examined in the aquatic plants Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum spicatum. Exposure to creosote inhibited growth of L.

Topical ketorolac tromethamine 0.5% ophthalmic solution in ocular inflammation after cataract surgery.

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of ketorolac 0.5% ophthalmic solution with its vehicle in the treatment of ocular inflammation after cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation.

Design: Multicenter clinical study.

Are there kinds of concepts?

Past research on concepts has focused almost exclusively on noun-object concepts. This paper discusses recent research demonstrating that useful distinctions may be made among kinds of concepts, including both object and nonobject concepts. We discuss three types of criteria, based on structure, process, and content, that may be used to distinguish among kinds of concepts.

Caveolae in human and murine osteoblasts.

Caveolae are 50- to 100-nm plasmalemmal vesicles formed by oligomerized caveolin, a 22-kDa phosphoprotein. These organelles have been implicated in critical signal transduction and molecular transport processes. Here, we show for the first time that osteoblasts express caveolin and have abundant caveolae.

Caveolin-enriched membrane signaling complexes in human and murine osteoblasts.

Osteoblasts receive regulatory signals from hormones, growth factors, calcium, extracellular matrix, and other cells through a variety of receptors that utilize an array of signaling pathways and cytoplasmic messengers. This article addresses the nonuniform distribution of important signaling molecules (platelet-derived growth factor receptors [PDGFRs], nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, tyrosine kinase adaptor proteins, G proteins, and nitric oxide synthases [NOSs]) in the surface membranes of human and murine osteoblasts. We show that particular inner leaflet signaling molecules (e.

Ecological risks of diazinon from agricultural use in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basins, California.

A probabilistic risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the likelihood and ecological significance of potential toxic effects of diazinon in the Sacramento-San Joaquin system. Diazinon, an organophosphorus insecticide, is used in the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Basin as a dormant spray on almonds and other tree crops, as well as for other agricultural and urban applications. Diazinon and other pesticides have been detected in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries.

The fate and persistence of trifluoroacetic and chloroacetic acids in pond waters.

The environmental fate of trichloro-, dichloro-, and monochloroacetic acids, and trifluoroacetic acid was investigated using field aquatic microcosms and laboratory sediment-water systems. Trifluoroacetic acid was extremely persistent and showed no degradation during a one-year field study, though it appeared to undergo transient partitioning within an unknown pond phase as the temperature of the surroundings was reduced. Of the three chloroacetic acids, trichloro had the longest residence time (induction and decay) (approximately 40 d), dichloro the shortest (approximately 4 d), and monochloro an intermediate residence time (approximately 14 d).

The effect of creosote on membrane ion leakage in Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Creosote is a complex chemical mixture used as a wood preservative that has the potential to contaminate aquatic systems via spills or leaching from treated wood structures. Aquatic macrophytes are important components of aquatic systems, which may be adversely affected by creosote contamination. Several chemicals that are constituents of creosote are known to affect cell membranes in various organisms.

The effect of creosote on the growth of an axenic culture of Myriophyllum spicatum L.

Due to the importance of submersed, rooted macrophytes to the aquatic ecosystem and the use of creosote impregnated structures adjacent to or within water bodies, a study was conducted using an axenic culture of Myriophyllum spicatum to determine the effect of creosote on this aquatic macrophyte. Four plants were cloned and exposed to nominal creosote concentrations ranging from 0.16 to 200 mg/l for 14 days.

Brain-enriched hyaluronan binding (BEHAB)/brevican cleavage in a glioma cell line is mediated by a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family member.

Brain-enriched hyaluronan binding (BEHAB)/brevican is a brain-specific extracellular matrix protein containing a cleavage site between Glu(395)-Ser(396), which bears remarkable homology to the "aggrecanase" site in the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan. Expression of BEHAB/brevican is dramatically increased in human gliomas, notoriously invasive tumors. Recently, we showed that the rat 9L gliosarcoma cell line, which does not express BEHAB/brevican and forms non-invasive tumors when grown as intracranial grafts, can form invasive tumors when transfected with a 5' cDNA fragment of BEHAB/brevican, but not when transfected with the full-length cDNA.

Independent action of ELF3 and phyB to control hypocotyl elongation and flowering time.

Light regulates various aspects of plant growth, and the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB) mediates many responses to red light. In a screen for Arabidopsis mutants with phenotypes similar to those of phyB mutants, we isolated two new elf3 mutants. One has weaker morphological phenotypes than previously identified elf3 alleles, but still abolishes circadian rhythms under continuous light.

Surgical prevention of posterior capsule opacification. Part 3: Intraocular lens optic barrier effect as a second line of defense.

Purpose: To emphasize an important aspect of preventing posterior capsule opacification (PCO), the barrier effect established by the optic of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (PC IOL), and present a new classification regarding capsular bag status after extra-capsular cataract extraction, including phacoemulsification.

Setting: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

Methods: This analysis included 150 consecutive eyes obtained postmortem with United States-manufactured PC IOLs including (1) poly(methyl methacrylate), (2) silicone, and (3) hydrophobic acrylic designs that were accessioned in the Center from September 1995 to January 1, 1998.

Isoxazolines as potent antagonists of the integrin alpha(v)beta(3).

Starting with lead compound 2, we sought to increase the selectivity for alpha(v)beta(3)-mediated cell adhesion by examining the effects of structural changes in both the guanidine mimetic and the substituent alpha to the carboxylate. To prepare some of the desired aminoimidazoles, a novel reductive amination utilizing a trityl-protected aminoimidazole was developed. It was found that guanidine mimetics with a wide range of pK(a)'s were potent antagonists of alpha(v)beta(3).

Intact and photomodified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons inhibit photosynthesis in natural assemblages of Lake Erie phytoplankton exposed to solar radiation.

Recently, there has been a trend toward less turbid water and greater light penetration in parts of western Lake Erie. This could lead to greater phototoxicity from sediment-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. To test photosynthesis as a bioindicator of contaminant impacts on algae, water samples containing natural assemblages of phytoplankton were collected from the western and central basins of Lake Erie.

Cutting edge: a dominant negative form of TNF-alpha converting enzyme inhibits proTNF and TNFRII secretion.

TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) is the protease responsible for processing proTNF from the 26-kDa membrane-anchored precursor to the secreted 17-kDa TNF-alpha. We show here that a deletion mutant of TACE (dTACE), lacking the pro and catalytic domains of the protease, acts as a dominant negative for proTNF processing in transfected HEK293 cells. We used the same system to test the effect of dTACE on TNFRII processing.

An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints.

Irgarol 1051 is an algaecide used in copper-based antifoulant paints for controlling fouling organisms on the hulls of recreational and commercial watercraft. Paints containing this algaecide have been used in Europe since the mid-1980s. In 1998, the first antifouling paints containing Irgarol 1051 were registered for use in the U.

Purification and cloning of aggrecanase-1: a member of the ADAMTS family of proteins.

We purified, cloned, and expressed aggrecanase, a protease that is thought to be responsible for the degradation of cartilage aggrecan in arthritic diseases. Aggrecanase-1 [a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs-4 (ADAMTS-4)] is a member of the ADAMTS protein family that cleaves aggrecan at the glutamic acid-373-alanine-374 bond. The identification of this protease provides a specific target for the development of therapeutics to prevent cartilage degradation in arthritis.

Concepts do more than categorize.

Concepts underlie all higher-level cognitive processes. Until recently, the study of concepts has largely been the study of categorization. But categorization is only one conceptual function among several.

An ELISA for brown trout (Salmo trutta) vitellogenin and its use in bioassays for environmental estrogens.

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (Vg) in plasma of brown trout (Salmo trutta). Purified Vg from a 17 beta-estradiol-induced trout was used as the competing antigen in the ELISA which is based on polyclonal antibodies. The ELISA's performance was optimized and characterized.