Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrheic patients in Shashemene, Ethiopia.

Background: The worldwide increase in multidrug resistance is a major threat to public health. One particular concern is the presence of Escherichia coli strains that carry Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) and Carbapenemase enzymes, which can make multiple antibiotics ineffective. This complicates treatment strategies and raises the risk of illness and death.

Antimicrobial susceptibility in and epidemiological data of gonorrhoea patients in five cities across Ethiopia, 2021-22.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in is a global public health concern and enhanced global gonococcal AMR surveillance is imperative. As in many African countries, regular, representative and quality-assured gonococcal AMR is lacking in Ethiopia. We describe the AMR in gonococcal isolates from five cities across Ethiopia, 2021-22, and patient epidemiological data.

Distribution of ß-Lactamase Genes Among Multidrug-Resistant and Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase-Producing Diarrheagenic from Under-Five Children in Ethiopia.

Purpose: strains that produce extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase are among the major threats to global health. The objective of the present study was to determine the distribution of ß-lactamase genes among multidrug-resistant (MDR) and ESBL-producing Diarrheagenic (DEC) pathotypes isolated from under-five children in Ethiopia.

Patients And Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Addis Ababa and Debre Berhan, Ethiopia.

Bacterial profile and extended spectrum beta lactamase screening of urinary tract infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women attending antenatal care in ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Introduction: The occurrence of extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing uropathogens, especially in pregnant women can result in life-threatening condition and morbidity for both the mother and the newborn due to very limited drug options for treatment of these pathogens. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial profile, associated factors, and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and to identify extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing bacterial uropathogens.

Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to September 2018 on a total of 177 pregnant women with and without symptoms of urinary tract infection at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Bacterial Profiles and Their Associated Factors of Urinary Tract Infection and Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Gram-Negative Uropathogens Among Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeastern Ethiopia.

Purpose: To determine the bacterial profile with its associated risk factors and to identify extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacterial uropathogens among diabetic patients at Dessie Referral Hospital, Northeastern Ethiopia.

Materials And Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2018. A total of 336 diabetic patients were included using a simple random sampling technique.

The yield of Auramine O staining using led microscopy with bleach treated sputum samples for detection of pulmonary tuberculosis at St. Peter tuberculosis specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: Smear microscopy is the mainstay for diagnosis of Tuberculosis (TB) in Ethiopia. This technique; however, is insensitive to detect Mycobacteria from most clinical specimens. Currently, light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscope is advocated to be used in high Tuberculosis (TB) burden settings by World Health Organization (WHO).

A viral genome wide association study and genotypic resistance testing in patients failing first line antiretroviral therapy in the first large countrywide Ethiopian HIV cohort.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was rolled-out in Ethiopia in 2005, but there are no reports on outcome of ART and human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance (HIVDR) at national level. We described acquired drug resistance mutations in pol gene and performed a viral genome wide association study in virologic treatment failure patients who started first line ART during 2009-2011 in the first large countrywide HIV cohort in Ethiopia.

Methods: The outcome of tenofovir (TDF)- and zidovudine (ZDV)-based ART was defined in 874 ART naïve patients using the on-treatment (OT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses.

Baseline predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure and lost to follow up in a multicenter countrywide HIV-1 cohort study in Ethiopia.

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been rapidly scaled up in Ethiopia since 2005, but factors influencing the outcome are poorly studied. We therefore analysed baseline predictors of first-line ART outcome after 6 and 12 months.

Material And Methods: 874 HIV-infected patients, who started first-line ART, were enrolled in a countrywide prospective cohort.

Coreceptor Tropism and Maraviroc Sensitivity of Clonally Derived Ethiopian HIV-1C Strains Using an in-house Phenotypic Assay and Commonly Used Genotypic Methods.

Objectives: Genotypic Tropism Testing (GTT) tools are generally developed based on HIV-1 subtype B (HIV-1B) and used for HIV-1C as well but with a large discordance of prediction between different methods. We used an established phenotypic assay for comparison with GTT methods and for the determination of in vitro maraviroc sensitivity of pure R5-tropic and dual-tropic HIV-1C.

Methods: Plasma was obtained from 58 HIV-1C infected Ethiopians.

Pretreatment drug resistance in a large countrywide Ethiopian HIV-1C cohort: a comparison of Sanger and high-throughput sequencing.

Baseline plasma samples of 490 randomly selected antiretroviral therapy (ART) naïve patients from seven hospitals participating in the first nationwide Ethiopian HIV-1 cohort were analysed for surveillance drug resistance mutations (sDRM) by population based Sanger sequencing (PBSS). Also next generation sequencing (NGS) was used in a subset of 109 baseline samples of patients. Treatment outcome after 6- and 12-months was assessed by on-treatment (OT) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses.

Treatment outcomes of childhood tuberculosis in Addis Ababa: a five-year retrospective analysis.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) kills one child every 5 min. Childhood TB is given low priority in most national health programmes particularly in TB-endemic areas. TB among children is an indicator of a recent transmission of the disease in the community.

Assessment of antibiotic- and disinfectant-resistant bacteria in hospital wastewater, south Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Large quantities of antimicrobials are used in hospitals for patient care and disinfection. Antibiotics are partially metabolized and residual quantities reach hospital wastewater, exposing bacteria to a wide range of biocides that could act as selective pressure for the development of resistance.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2010 and February 2011 on hospital wastewater.

A comparative study of Widal test with blood culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in febrile patients.

Background: Typhoid fever is a major health problem in developing countries and its diagnosis on clinical ground is difficult. Diagnosis in developing countries including Ethiopia is mostly done by Widal test. However, the value of the test has been debated.

Prevalence of hepatitis B virus in patients with diabetes mellitus: a comparative cross sectional study at Woldiya General Hospital, Ethiopia.

Introduction: The overall prevalence of HBV in Ethiopia varies from 4.7-16.8% for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 70-76.

Nasal and hand carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among health care workers in Mekelle Hospital, North Ethiopia.

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is significant major pathogen responsible for hospital and community based infections.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the nasal and hand carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in health care workers of Mekelle Hospital

Methods: The study was carried out during November 2010 to January 2011. Swab samples from both anterior nares and hands were taken.

Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection among attendants of voluntary counseling and testing centre and HIV follow up clinics in Mekelle Hospital.

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus remains a large health care burden to the world. HIV and HCV coinfection is major global health concern worldwide. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of HCV/HIV co-infection in Ethiopia.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTI) in patients with diabetes mellitus in Tikur Anbessa Specialized University Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Background: The risk of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients is higher and the etiology and the antibiotic resistance of uropathogens have been changing over the past years.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria and assess the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the isolates in diabetic patients.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted during June to August 2009 on diabetic in and out-patients in Tikur Anbessa University Hospital.

Hospital acquired infections among surgical, gynaecology and obstetrics patients in Felege-Hiwot referral hospital, Bahir Dar, northwest Ethiopia.

Background: Hospital-acquired infection is an important public health problem that contributes to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of hospital-acquired infections and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates in Felege-Hiwot referral hospital.

Methods: The study was conducted during April-August 2009.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Artemether-Lumefantrine for the Treatment of Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Northern Ethiopia.

Introduction. Multidrug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is spreading throughout Africa. This has posed major challenges to malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa.

The immunological status of newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Adama Hospital, Ethiopia.

Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Both diseases form a lethal combination, each speeding the progress of the other.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of HIV infection in newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Adama hospital.

Microbial flora and food borne pathogens on minced meat and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.

Background: Food-borne pathogens are the leading cause of illness and death in developing countries. Changes in eating habits, mass catering, unsafe food storage conditions and poor hygiene practices are major contributing factors to food associated illnesses. In Ethiopia, the widespread habit of raw beef consumption is potential cause for food borne illnesses.

Malaria and water resource development: the case of Gilgel-Gibe hydroelectric dam in Ethiopia.

Background: Ethiopia plans to increase its electricity power supply by five-fold over the next five years to fulfill the needs of its people and support the economic growth based on large hydropower dams. Building large dams for hydropower generation may increase the transmission of malaria since they transform ecosystems and create new vector breeding habitats. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Gilgel-Gibe hydroelectric dam in Ethiopia on malaria transmission and changing levels of prevalence in children.

Catheterized and non-catheterized urinary tract infections among patients attended at Jimma University Teaching Hospital, Southwest, Ethiopia.

Objectives: Prospective cross sectional study was undertaken to assess the bacterial profile and antimicrobial resistance pattern of catheterized urinary tract infection in comparison with non-catheterized UTI in Jimma University Teaching Hospital, Southwest, Ethiopia.

Methods: One hundred and twenty patients, 30 catheterized (age range 20-78 years, male to female ratio 0.36:1) and 90 non-catheterized patients (age range 7-60 years, male to female ratio 2:1) with symptoms and signs of UTI were investigated for significant bacteriuria from January to March 2005.

Pattern of widal agglutination reaction in apparently healthy population of Jimma town, southwest Ethiopia.

Background: Typhoid fever is leading cause of morbidity in developing countries including Ethiopia. Isolation of Salmonella Typhi by culturing, from blood or other source, is the surest way of making laboratory diagnosis. However, in resource-limited countries, the Widal agglutination test provides cheaper and easy alternatives, though inappropriate technique and interpretation continue to cast a shadow on its usefulness.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of thermotolerant Campylobacter strains isolated from food animals in Ethiopia.

Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are frequent causes of diarrhoea in humans worldwide mostly originating from poultry. It has been suggested that extensive veterinary use of antibiotics is largely responsible for resistance in human isolates.