Spin Canting Promoted Manipulation of Exchange Bias in a Perpendicular Coupled FeGaTe/CrSBr Magnetic van der Waals Heterostructure.

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) magnetic materials have emerged as a promising platform for studying exchange bias (EB) phenomena due to their atomically flat surfaces and highly versatile stacking configurations. Although complex spin configurations between 2D vdW interfaces introduce challenges in understanding their underlying mechanisms, they can offer more possibilities in realizing effective manipulations. In this study, we present a spin-orthogonal arranged 2D FeGaTe (FGaT)/CrSBr vdW heterostructure, realizing the EB effect with the bias field as large as 1730 Oe at 2 K.

High-κ Wide-Gap Layered Dielectric for Two-Dimensional van der Waals Heterostructures.

van der Waals heterostructures of two-dimensional materials have unveiled frontiers in condensed matter physics, unlocking unexplored possibilities in electronic and photonic device applications. However, the investigation of wide-gap, high-κ layered dielectrics for devices based on van der Waals structures has been relatively limited. In this work, we demonstrate an easily reproducible synthesis method for the rare-earth oxyhalide LaOBr, and we exfoliate it as a 2D layered material with a measured static dielectric constant of 9 and a wide bandgap of 5.

Electrochemical Intercalation and Exfoliation of CrSBr into Ferromagnetic Fibers and Nanoribbons.

Recent studies dedicated to layered van der Waals crystals have attracted significant attention to magnetic atomically thin crystals offering unprecedented opportunities for applications in innovative magnetoelectric, magneto-optic, and spintronic devices. The active search for original platforms for the low-dimensional magnetism study has emphasized the entirely new magnetic properties of two dimensional (2D) semiconductor CrSBr. Herein, for the first time, the electrochemical exfoliation of bulk CrSBr in a non-aqueous environment is demonstrated.

Magneto-Optical Sensing of the Pressure Driven Magnetic Ground States in Bulk CrSBr.

Competition between exchange interactions and magnetocrystalline anisotropy may bring new magnetic states that are of great current interest. An applied hydrostatic pressure can further be used to tune their balance. In this work, we investigate the magnetization process of a biaxial antiferromagnet in an external magnetic field applied along the easy axis.

Untangling the intertwined: metallic to semiconducting phase transition of colloidal MoS nanoplatelets and nanosheets.

2D semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are highly promising materials for future spin- and valleytronic applications and exhibit an ultrafast response to external (optical) stimuli which is essential for optoelectronics. Colloidal nanochemistry on the other hand is an emerging alternative for the synthesis of 2D TMDC nanosheet (NS) ensembles, allowing for the control of the reaction tunable precursor and ligand chemistry. Up to now, wet-chemical colloidal syntheses yielded intertwined/agglomerated NSs with a large lateral size.

Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Magnetically and Optoelectronically Active Ruthenium Trichloride Nanosheets.

α-RuCl is a layered transition metal halide that possesses a range of exotic magnetic, optical, and electronic properties including fractional excitations indicative of a proximate Kitaev quantum spin liquid (QSL). While previous reports have explored these properties on idealized single crystals or mechanically exfoliated samples, the scalable production of α-RuCl nanosheets has not yet been demonstrated. Here, we perform liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of α-RuCl through an electrochemically assisted approach, which yields ultrathin, electron-doped α-RuCl nanosheets that are then assembled into electrically conductive large-area thin films.

Layer-Dependent Interlayer Antiferromagnetic Spin Reorientation in Air-Stable Semiconductor CrSBr.

Magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials possess versatile spin configurations stabilized in reduced dimensions. One magnetic order is the interlayer antiferromagnetism in A-type vdW antiferromagnet, which may be effectively modified by the magnetic field, stacking order, and thickness scaling. However, atomically revealing the interlayer spin orientation in the vdW antiferromagnet is highly challenging, because most of the material candidates exhibit an insulating ground state or instability in ambient conditions.

Gastroenterology's editors-in-chief: historical and personal perspectives of their editorships.

Fourteen editors-in-chiefs have steered Gastroenterologyto success since its inception in 1943. Five (Alvarez, Ivy, Aaron, Grossman, and Donaldson) are no longer with us. Their personalities and editorships, along with those of Marvin Sleisenger, are presented by their admirers.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease: presentation and assessment of a common, challenging disorder.

Although gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is frequently referred to as a continuous spectrum, it is more useful to consider GERD as 2 discrete entities with several subsets that differ in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, natural history, and therapy. One entity is classic severe acid reflux with erosive esophagitis and its complications. Barrett's esophagus is an important subset of this group, with markedly increased acid exposure and an increased risk of adenocarcinoma.

Apical EGF receptors regulate epithelial barrier to gastric acid: endogenous TGF-alpha is an essential facilitator.

In previous studies, we found that apical and basolateral EGF receptors (EGFR) on primary canine gastric monolayers decreased paracellular permeability, evident by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and decreased flux of [(3)H]mannitol (MF). After studying monolayers in Ussing chambers, we now report that treatment with apical, but not basolateral, EGF enhanced tolerance to apical H(+), evident by a slower decay in TER and an attenuated rise in MF. Enhanced tolerance to apical acid was evident within 10 min of treatment with apical EGF.

Secretin regulates paracellular permeability in canine gastric monolayers by a Src kinase-dependent pathway.

Previous studies found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) decreased paracellular permeability in gastric mucosa, but the other physiological regulators and the molecular mechanisms mediating these responses remain undefined. We investigated the role of secretin and Src in regulating paracellular permeability because secretin regulates gastric chief cell function and Src mediates events involving the cytoskeletal-membrane interface, respectively. Confluent monolayers were formed from canine gastric epithelial cells in short-term culture on Transwell filter inserts.

Apical and basolateral EGF receptors regulate gastric mucosal paracellular permeability.

Previous studies found that monolayers formed from canine oxyntic epithelial cells in primary culture displayed remarkable resistance to apical acidification and both mitogenic and migratory responses to epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatment. In our present studies, we found that EGF increased transepithelial resistance (TER) but not short-circuit current in these monolayers. Parallel effects of EGF on decreasing mannitol flux and increasing TER implicate direct regulation of paracellular permeability.

The cost-effectiveness of diagnostic testing strategies for Helicobacter pylori.

Objective: Several noninvasive methods are now available for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection. Because the prevalence of H. pylori infection is variable in patients requiring testing, the optimal testing strategies may vary under different conditions.

NSAID-related gastrointestinal complications.

Despite the common induction of gastrointestinal (GI) complications by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), many aspects of pathogenesis and management remain controversial. The most important complications are bleeding and perforation arising in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum due to NSAID effects on platelets and on a variety of mucosal lesions. Complications arise from preexisting peptic ulcer, NSAID-induced ulcers and erosions, and other lesions (not caused by NSAIDs) caused to bleed by NSAID-induced platelet dysfunction.

Peptic ulcer and dyspepsia.

Peptic ulcers are defects in the gastrointestinal mucosa that extend through the muscularis mucosae. They persist as a function of the acid or peptic activity in gastric juice. Twenty years ago, most ulcers were considered idiopathic; but a revolution in knowledge has occurred, so that it is now understood that the great majority of ulcers results from infection with Helicobacter pylori (HP) or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Gastroesophageal reflux: practical management of a common, challenging disorder.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs in 2 distinct forms that differ in pathophysiology, clinical presentation, natural history, and therapy: mild GER (with no or minimal esophagitis) and classic, severe reflux (at risk for erosive esophagitis). A minority of subjects (< 20%) have the classic, potentially severe pattern of GER caused by reduced lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and prolonged acid reflux, particularly at night, but also during the day. Evaluation and management must be catered to patients with this pattern of reflux.

Effects of growth factors and trefoil peptides on migration and replication in primary oxyntic cultures.

Restitution, the lateral migration of cells over an intact basement membrane, maintains mucosal integrity. We studied the regulation of migration and proliferation of enzyme-dispersed canine oxyntic mucosa cells in primary culture. Confluent monolayers were wounded and cultured in serum-free medium, and cells migrating into the wound were counted.

Pathogenesis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-related upper gastrointestinal toxicity.

The mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of ulcers associated with the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have not been fully elucidated. Although studies using acute mucosal injury as a surrogate for clinically relevant outcomes have provided useful information, in practice, acute mucosal injury does not necessarily provide a reliable predictor of clinical ulcers or complications. Several factors that increase the risk of NSAID-associated gastroenteropathy have been identified, and there are data to support or provide speculation for other physiologic factors that might predispose specific subsets of patients to increased mucosal injury.

H. pylori stimulates gastrin release from canine antral cells in primary culture.

Patients chronically infected with Helicobacter pylori are known to have hypergastrinemia. Previous studies have demonstrated the stimulation of gastrin from isolated G cells by monocytes and cytokines. The aim of this study was to determine if H.

Management strategies for Helicobacter pylori-seropositive patients with dyspepsia: clinical and economic consequences.

Background: Noninvasive testing for Helicobacter pylori is widely available and has been considered as an initial management strategy for uninvestigated dyspepsia. However, data to guide clinicians in the management of patients with dyspepsia who are seropositive for H. pylori are lacking.

Mononuclear cells and cytokines stimulate gastrin release from canine antral cells in primary culture.

Patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis have an increased release of gastrin. The mechanisms by which H. pylori affects the endocrine cells are unclear.

Consensus conference. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease. Practice guidelines. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology.

Objective: To integrate the realization that peptic ulcer most commonly reflects infection with Helicobacter pylori or use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) into a disease management approach.

Participants: Guidelines were outlined by the author and presented for review to the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) Practice Parameters Committee, selected by the president of the ACG, and a panel of experts in peptic ulcer, selected by the committee.

Evidence And Consensus Process: These guidelines were formulated following extensive review of the literature obtained by MEDLINE search and presented for detailed review and revision to unpublicized committee meetings on three occasions and to experts by mail.

Different effects of indomethacin and nabumetone on prostaglandin-mediated gastric responses to central vagal activation in rats.

Intracisternal injection of a stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) analog increases gastric prostaglandins release and mucosal resistance to injury through central vagal pathways. The effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, indomethacin (INDO) and nabumetone on intracisternal injection of various doses of TRH-induced gastric acid secretion and changes in mucosal resistance were investigated in urethane-anesthetized rats. Doses of INDO (5 mg/kg) and nabumetone (13.