The Influence of Blood Titanium Levels on DNA Damage in Brazilian Workers Occupationally Exposed to Different Chemical Agents.

Occupational exposure to pollutants may cause health-damaging effects in humans. Genotoxicity assays can be used to detect the toxic effects of pollutants. In the present study, we evaluated genetic damage in three populations occupationally exposed to benzene, pyrenes, and agrochemicals and assessed the possible influence of titanium (Ti) co-exposure.

Cytotoxicity induced by three commercial neonicotinoid insecticide formulations in differentiated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

Background: Neonicotinoid insecticides are used worldwide for crop protection. They act as agonists at postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), disrupting normal neurotransmission in target insects. Human exposure is high due to the widespread use of neonicotinoids and their residues in food.

Mitochondrial impairment related to the immunotoxicity of the herbicides clomazone, glyphosate and sulfentrazone in THP-1 cells.

Background: Pesticides are indispensable for the cultivation of crops, especially those of economic importance, such as soybeans. Data on the annual use of herbicides in crops show that they correspond to 50%, making it the most used in agriculture.

Aim: Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of the three commercial herbicides (clomazone, glyphosate, and sulfentrazone) in THP-1 cells.

Immunomodulatory effect of imidacloprid on macrophage RAW 264.7 cells.

The neonicotinoid imidacloprid was promoted in the market because of widespread resistance to other insecticides, plus its low mammalian impact and higher specific toxicity towards insects. This study aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of imidacloprid on macrophages. RAW 264.

LaSOM 335, active against bladder cancer cells, interferes with Let-60 (hRas) and reduces CD73 expression/activity.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in men. It can present along the entire continuum of severity, from mild to well-differentiated disease to extremely malignant tumors with low survival rates. Human RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes in human cancers, and the critical role of aberrant Ras protein function in carcinogenesis is well established.

Antiproliferative activity and toxicity evaluation of 1,2,3-triazole and 4-methyl coumarin hybrids in the MCF7 breast cancer cell line.

Four coumarin-triazole hybrids were selected from our in house library and screened for cytotoxic activity on A549 (lung cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), J774A1 (mouse sarcoma macrophage), MCF7 (breast cancer), OVACAR (ovarian cancer), RAW (murine leukaemia macrophage), and SiHa (uterus carcinoma) and their toxicity was assessed on 3T3 (healthy fibroblasts) cell lines. SwissADME pharmacokinetic prediction was performed. Effects on ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis/necrosis and DNA damage were evaluated.

DoE development of ionic gradient liposomes: A successful approach to improve encapsulation, prolong anesthesia and decrease the toxicity of etidocaine.

Etidocaine (EDC) is a long-acting local anesthetic of the aminoamide family whose use was discontinued in 2008 for alleged toxicity issues. Ionic gradient liposomes (IGL) are nanostructured carriers for which an inner/outer gradient of ions increases drug upload. This work describes IGL, a formulation optimized by Design of Experiments, composed of hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:EDC, and characterized by DLS, NTA, TEM/Cryo-TEM, DSC and H NMR.

Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Phosphatidylcholine Nanoliposomes Containing Nisin in .

Liposomes are among the most studied nanostructures. They are effective carriers of active substances both in the clinical field, such as delivering genes and drugs, and in the food industry, such as promoting the controlled release of bioactive substances, including food preservatives. However, toxicological screenings must be performed to ensure the safety of nanoformulations.

Characterization and in vivo toxicological evaluation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes: a low-dose repeated intratracheal administration study.

This study characterized and investigated the toxicity of two multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) NM-401 and NM-403 at 60 and 180 µg after four repeated intratracheal instillations; follow-up times were 3, 7, 30, and 90 days after the last instillation. NM-401 was needle-like, long, and thick, while NM-403 was entangled, short, and thin. Both MWCNT types induced transient pulmonary and systemic alterations in renal function and oxidative lipid damage markers in recent times.

Brazilian workers occupationally exposed to different toxic agents: A systematic review on DNA damage.

The evaluation of genotoxicity in workers exposed to different toxic agents is very important, especially considering the association between these exposures in a chronic context and DNA damage. Assessing biomarkers of exposure and, when possible, early biomarkers of effect, contributes to elucidating the potential toxic mechanisms involved in genotoxicity and its contribution to chronic non-communicable diseases. In Brazil, the biggest country in South America, workers are exposed to hazardous physical and chemical agents.

Toxicity of pesticides widely applied on soybean cultivation: Synergistic effects of fipronil, glyphosate and imidacloprid in HepG2 cells.

The transgenic soy monoculture demands supplementation with pesticides. The aim of this study was to evaluate the individual and mixture effects of fipronil, glyphosate and imidacloprid in human HepG2 cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after 48-h incubations through MTT reduction and neutral red uptake assays.

Imidacloprid-based commercial pesticide causes behavioral, biochemical, and hematological impairments in Wistar rats.

Imidacloprid (IMI) is a neonicotinoid insecticide employed worldwide for crop protection. IMI's mode of action occurs through the agonism of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), with high specificity for insect nAChRs although there are reports of mammals' toxicity. Studies on IMI's neurotoxicity are not conclusive; therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the subchronic toxic effects of an IMI based commercial pesticide on rats.

Toxic effects of pesticides on cellular and humoral immunity: an overview.

People are exposed to pesticides through food, drinking water, and the environment. These compounds are associated with several disorders, such as inflammatory diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and a condition related to metabolic syndrome. The immunotoxicants or immunotoxic compounds can cause a wide variety of effects on immune function, altering humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, resulting in adverse effects to the body.

Chemobrain in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, and Potential Interventions.

Among the potential adverse effects of breast cancer treatment, chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) has gained increased attention in the past years. In this review, we provide an overview of the literature regarding CRCI in breast cancer, focusing on three main aspects. The first aspect relates to the molecular mechanisms linking individual drugs commonly used to treat breast cancer and CRCI, which include oxidative stress and inflammation, reduced neurogenesis, reduced levels of specific neurotransmitters, alterations in neuronal dendrites and spines, and impairment in myelin production.

The Role of Alternative Toxicological Trials in Drug Discovery Programs. The Case of and Other Methods.

The discovery of a new drug requires over a billion dollars and around 12 years of research efforts, and toxicity is the leading reason for the failure to approve candidate drugs. Many alternative methods have been validated to detect toxicity as early as possible to diminish the waste of resources and efforts in medicinal chemistry research, and in vivo alternative methods are especially valuable for the amount of information they can provide at little cost and in a short time. In this work, we present a review of the literature published between the years 2000 and 2021 on in vivo alternative methods of toxicity screening employed in medicinal chemistry, which we believe will be useful because, in addition to shortening the research time, these studies provide much additional information aside from the toxicity of drug candidate compounds.

Vitamin A deficiency and associated risk factors in children aged 12-59 months living in poorest municipalities in the South Region of Brazil.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children and associated risk factors.

Design: Analysis of data from a cross-sectional multicentre study performed in the primary care units of the municipalities from January to June 2015. The children's legal guardians answered a socio-economic questionnaire, and the children's blood samples were obtained by venipuncture.

Children Environmentally Exposed to Agrochemicals in Rural Areas Present Changes in Oxidative Status and DNA Damage.

Rural children are exposed to several chemicals. This study evaluated the environmental co-exposure of rural children to cholinesterase inhibitor insecticides and metals/metalloids, and the resulting oxidative stress and DNA damage. Seventy-two children (5 to 16 years old) were studied at two different moments: period 1, when agrochemicals were less used, and period 2, when agrochemicals were extensively used in agriculture.

Bioassays to screen the toxicity in drinking water samples collected in Brazilian rural area.

Agriculture activities have increased the concentration of pesticides and metals in the environment. The excessive use of pesticides can generate an environmental impact and contribute to the development of human diseases. This study aimed to determine the presence of pesticides and metals in water samples collected in the Brazilian rural area in two different periods (before and after pesticide application) and to evaluate the alternative bioassays , , and to monitoring toxicity in human drinking water samples.

Levamisole, a cocaine cutting agent, induces acute and subchronic systemic alterations in Wistar rats.

The use of the anthelmintic levamisole as a cocaine adulterant has been increasing worldwide. Complications caused by this association include systemic vasculitis, agranulocytosis, neutropenia, tissue necrosis, pulmonary hemorrhage, and renal injury. Data about toxicity of levamisole are scarce, therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxic effects of levamisole in rats.

Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and peripheral biomarkers: An update.

Peripheral biomarkers are important tools for detecting occupational exposures to prevent the onset and/or progression of diseases. Studies that reveal early peripheral biomarkers are highly important to preserve the health of workers and can potentially contribute to diagnosing and/or prognosing occupational pathologies. Exposure to crystalline silica is a problem in several workplaces because it increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), tuberculosis, cancer, and pulmonary fibrosis, clinically defined as silicosis.

Occupational exposure assessment in professionals who manipulate and administer antineoplastic drugs in a university hospital in Southern Brazil.

Introduction: Our goal was to demonstrate the effects of occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs on oxidative stress parameters and DNA damage in health professionals who manipulate and administer antineoplastic drugs in a University Hospital in Southern Brazil.

Methods: The case-control study with a longitudinal design, involved 64 individuals, 29 of them pharmacists, pharmacy technicians and nurses who were occupationally exposed to antineoplastic drugs and 35 professionals who were not exposed. Gene mutations were determined by micronucleus from salivary fluid; DNA damage by comet assay and oxidative stress parameters in whole blood were also evaluated.

Sintocalmy, a Passiflora incarnata Based Herbal, Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal in Mice.

Chronic opioid use changes brain chemistry in areas related to reward processes, memory, decision-making, and addiction. Both neurons and astrocytes are affected, ultimately leading to dependence. Passiflora incarnata L.

Oxidative damage, inflammation, genotoxic effect, and global DNA methylation caused by inhalation of formaldehyde and the purpose of melatonin.

Formaldehyde (FA) exposure has been proven to increase the risk of asthma and cancer. This study aimed to evaluate for 28 days the FA inhalation effects on oxidative stress, inflammation process, genotoxicity, and global DNA methylation in mice as well as to investigate the potential protective effects of melatonin. For that, analyses were performed on lung, liver and kidney tissues, blood, and bone marrow.

Dietary exposure to mercury and its relation to cytogenetic instability in populations from "La Mojana" region, northern Colombia.

Fish consumption and chronic exposure to low doses of mercury (Hg) seems to activate several molecular mechanisms leading to carcinogenic and/or teratogenic processes. However, Hg genotoxic effects on humans are not completely described. In the present study, we assessed cytogenetic damage in isolated human peripheral lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-Cyt), micronucleus formation with anti-kinetochore antibody (CREST staining), levels of total Hg in hair (T-Hg), fish consumption, and estimated Hg dose.