Biomarkers of non-communicable chronic disease: an update on contemporary methods.

Chronic diseases constitute a major global burden with significant impact on health systems, economies, and quality of life. Chronic diseases include a broad range of diseases that can be communicable or non-communicable. Chronic diseases are often associated with modifications of normal physiological levels of various analytes that are routinely measured in serum and other body fluids, as well as pathological findings, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Evaluating the pictorial warnings on tobacco products in Arabian Gulf countries against other international pictorial warnings.

Background: Few assessments of pictorial warnings (PWs) on cigarette packs implemented in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have been done.

Methods: This article includes two cross-sectional studies. In Study 1, convenience samples of adults from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (n=111) and USA (n=115) participated in a consumer survey to rate a total of nine PWs from the GCC, Australia and the UK.

Cytotoxic effect of Salvadora persica extracts on human gingival fibroblast cells.

Objectives: To assess the cytotoxic potential of Salvadora persica (S. persica) extracts on human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells.

Methods: This study was conducted between January and May 2012 in collaboration with Dental Caries Research Chair, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Effect of chloroform, orange solvent and eucalyptol on the accuracy of four electronic apex locators.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three retreatment solutions on the accuracy of four electronic apex locators, the Root ZX mini, the Mini Apex Locator, the Root ZX and the Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator. Forty extracted single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. The four electronic apex locators were operated according to the manufacturer's instructions to locate the 'apical constriction' in the presence of chloroform, orange solvent or eucalyptol in the canal.

Evaluation of cyclic flexural fatigue resistance of 25/0.04 and 25/0.06 twisted file rotary nickel-titanium endodontic instruments.

Twisted files (TFs) are rotary nickel-titanium (NiTi) instruments that are produced with a newly developed manufacturing process that is supposed to improve their properties, especially flexibility and resistance to cyclic flexural fatigue failure. The aim of this study was to study the cyclic flexural fatigue failure resistance of tip size International Standards Organization 25 TFs with two tapers 0.04 and 0.

Assessment of geometrical characteristics of dental endodontic micro-instruments utilizing X-ray micro computed tomography.

Objective: The aim of this study was to quantify the surface area, volume and specific surface area of endodontic files employing quantitative X-ray micro computed tomography (mXCT).

Material And Methods: Three sets (six files each) of the Flex-Master Ni-Ti system (Nº 20, 25 and 30, taper .04) were utilized in this study.

Surgical and implant-supported fixed prosthetic treatment of a patient with ectodermal dysplasia: a case report.

Ectodermal dysplasia (ED) is a hereditary disorder that affects ectodermal structures. The main clinical oral manifestations of ED include oligodontia and deficient alveolar ridges. This case report presents the oral rehabilitation of a 15-year-old female patient who never received an accurate diagnosis or appropriate dental care.

Comparison of the single cone and cold lateral compaction techniques in sealing 0.04 taper root canal preparations.

This study compared the coronal sealing ability of three different combinations of obturation materials and techniques after root canals were prepared with 0.04 taper nickel titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments. This study utilized three experimental groups: Group 1 was obturated with 0.

Evaluation of cyclic flexural fatigue of M-wire nickel-titanium rotary instruments.

Introduction: This study was conducted to investigate cyclic flexural fatigue resistance of GT series X rotary files made from the newly developed M-wire nickel-titanium alloy compared with GT and Profile nickel-titanium files made from a conventional nickel-titanium alloy.

Methods: Fifteen files, size 30/0.04, of each type were used to evaluate the cyclic flexural fatigue resistance.

Efficacy of two rotary NiTi instruments in the removal of Gutta-Percha during root canal retreatment.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of ProTaper and K3 in the removal of gutta-percha during root canal retreatment in comparison with hand Hedstrom files. Time of gutta-percha removal and amount of apically extruded debris were also evaluated. Sixty extracted single-rooted anterior teeth and premolars were instrumented and obturated with laterally condensed gutta-percha technique.

Efficacy of a new brush-covered irrigation needle in removing root canal debris: a scanning electron microscopic study.

The usefulness of NaviTip FX, a brush-covered irrigation needle, in endodontic therapy has never been reported. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of this new brush-covered irrigation needle, the NaviTip FX. Thirty single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups and instrumented using the crown-down technique with 0.

In vitro evaluation of three techniques to obturate 0.06 taper canal preparations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three obturation methods to seal root canals prepared using 0.06 taper rotary instruments. Forty-five extracted human single-rooted teeth were instrumented with 0.