Caught Right on the Spot: Isolation and Characterization of Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus from a Common Pochard () Being Attacked by a Peregrine Falcon ().

We isolated a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus from a common pochard () that was being attacked by a bird of prey in South Korea in December 2020. Genetic analyses indicated that the isolate was closely related to the clade 2.3.

Genomic epidemiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in wild birds in South Korea during 2021-2022: Changes in viral epidemic patterns.

Clade 2.3.4.

Near-Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian Orthoavulavirus Type 13 Strain Isolated in South Korea in 2020.

We report the near-complete genome sequence of an avian orthoavulavirus 13 (AOAV-13) strain isolated from a wild goose fecal sample collected in South Korea in early 2020. The AOAV-13 sequence had a unique 3' trailer region, including an 84-nucleotide (nt) deletion and a 24-nt insertion, compared to the most closely related Chinese genome sequence from 2015.

Subclinical Infection and Transmission of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Mandarin Duck () and Domestic Pigeon ().

Since 2014, H5Nx clade 2.3.4.

Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype).

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was first identified in the 1930s and it imposes a major economic burden on the poultry industry. In particular, GI-19 lineage has spread globally and has evolved constantly since it was first detected in China. In this study, we analyzed gene sequences from 60 IBVs isolated in South Korea.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4 Subtype H5N6 Viruses Isolated from Wild Whooper Swans, Mongolia, 2020.

We identified clade 2.3.4.

Evaluation of insulated isothermal PCR devices for the detection of avian influenza virus.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) represent important threats to the poultry industry and global human health. Due to the high rates of avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission, controlling AIV outbreaks is challenging. HPAIV is known to be transmitted from wild birds to domestic ducks, from which it can be transmitted to layer and broiler chickens.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Subtype H5N8 Virus Isolated from Mandarin Duck in South Korea, 2020.

In October 2020, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N8 virus was identified from a fecal sample of a wild mandarin duck () in South Korea. We sequenced all eight genome segments of the virus, designated as A/Mandarin duck/Korea/K20-551-4/2020(H5N8), and conducted genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis show that the hemagglutinin gene belongs to H5 clade 2.

Development and Evaluation of Olive Flounder -Luciferase Assay for Effective Detection of CYP1A-Inducing Contaminants in Coastal Sediments.

Flounders have been widely used as indicator species for monitoring the benthic environment of marine coastal regions owing to their habitat and feeding preferences in or on sandy sediments. Here, a single-step, sensitive, specific, and simple luciferase assay was developed, using the olive flounder gene, for effective detection of CYP1A-inducing contaminants in coastal sediments. The developed -luciferase assay was highly sensitive to the widely used CYP1A inducers 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxin (TCDD), benzo[]pyrene (B[]P), and 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126).

Dynamin-related protein 1 positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and bone loss.

Dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) is a mitochondrial membrane GTPase and regulates mitochondrial fission. In this study, we found that the cytokine RANKL increased the expression of DRP1 and its receptor proteins, Fis1, Mid49, and Mid 51, during osteoclast formation in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. Inactivation of the kinase GSK3β appeared to induce DRP1 expression.

Introduction of Avian Influenza A(H6N5) Virus into Asia from North America by Wild Birds.

An avian influenza A(H6N5) virus with all 8 segments of North American origin was isolated from wild bird feces in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this virus may have been introduced into Asia by wild birds, highlighting the role of wild birds in the dispersal of these viruses.

Different pathogenicity of two strains of clade 2.3.4.4c H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses bearing different PA and NS gene in domestic ducks.

H5Nx clade 2.3.4.

New Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in Wild Birds, South Korea, 2017-18.

We isolated new reassortant avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses from feces of wild waterfowl in South Korea during 2017-18. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that reassortment occurred between clade 2.3.

Molecular characterization and genetic diversity of avian paramyxovirus type 4 isolated in South Korea from 2013 to 2017.

In recent years, avian paramyxovirus type 4 (APMV-4) frequently isolated from wild and domestic bird populations particularly waterfowls worldwide. However, molecular characteristics and genetic diversity of APMV-4 are uncertain, owing to the limited availability of sequence information. A total of 11 APMV-4 strains from 9850 fecal, swab, and environmental samples were isolated during the surveillance program in wintering seasons of 2013-2017 in South Korea.

Molecular Characterization of Avian Paramyxovirus Types 4 and 8 Isolated from Wild Migratory Waterfowl in Mongolia.

Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) constitute some of the most globally prevalent avian viruses and are frequently isolated from wild migratory bird species. Using 1,907 fresh fecal samples collected during the 2012 avian influenza surveillance program, we identified two serotypes of APMV: APMV-4 ( n=10) and APMV-8 ( n=1). Sequences for these isolates phylogenetically clustered with Asian APMV-4 and APMV-8 recently isolated from wild birds in Korea, Japan, China, and Kazakhstan.

Experimental infection with highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza viruses in the Mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) and domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica).

Wild birds play a major role in the evolution, maintenance, and dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). Sub-clinical infection with HPAI in resident wild birds could be a source of dissemination of HPAIV and continuous outbreaks. In this study, the pathogenicity and infectivity of two strains of H5N8 clade 2.

Complete Genome Sequence of an Avian Paramyxovirus Type 4 Strain Isolated from Domestic Duck at a Live Bird Market in South Korea.

We report here the first full-genome sequence of an avian paramyxovirus type 4 (APMV-4) strain isolated from a domestic mallard duck at a live bird market in South Korea. Phylogenetic analyses provide genetic information on a new genetic clade, APMV-4, isolated from a domestic duck and evidence of APMV-4 exchange between poultry and wild birds.

Isolation of an H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain from Wild Birds in Seoul, a Highly Urbanized Area in South Korea.

Asian-lineage H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have caused recurrent outbreaks in poultry and wild birds. In January 2014, H5N8 HPAIV caused outbreaks in South Korea and subsequently spread to East Asia, Europe, and North America. We report the isolation of an H5N8 HPAIV strain from wild birds in Seoul, the most-developed city in South Korea.

Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus in a Wild Mandarin Duck, South Korea, 2016.

A reassortant clade 2.3.4.

Efficacy of clade 2.3.2 H5 commercial vaccines in protecting chickens from clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza infection.

Emerging clade 2.3.4.

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses Reintroduced into South Korea by Migratory Waterfowl, 2014-2015.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) viruses were isolated from migratory waterfowl in South Korea during fall 2014-winter 2015, a recurrence after initial introduction in winter 2014. These reappeared viruses were phylogenetically distinct from isolates circulating in poultry farms in South Korea.

Comparison between dot-immunoblotting assay and clinical sign determination method for quantifying avian infectious bronchitis virus vaccine by titration in embryonated eggs.

A sensitive and specific method for measuring the vaccine titer of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is important to commercial manufacturers for improving vaccine quality. Typically, IBV is titrated in embryonated chicken eggs, and the infectivity of the virus dilutions is determined by assessing clinical signs in the embryos as evidence of viral propagation. In this study, we used a dot-immunoblotting assay (DIA) to measure the titers of IBV vaccines that originated from different pathogenic strains or attenuation methods in embryonated eggs, and we compared this assay to the currently used method, clinical sign evaluation.

Internal dosimetry for intake of 18FDG using spot urine sample.

In nuclear medicine, workers handle unsealed radioactive materials. Among the materials, (18)FDG is the most widely used in PET/CT technique. Because of the short half-life of (18)F, it is very challenging to monitor internal exposure of nuclear medicine workers using in vitro bioassay.